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Most studies have focused on BEVs released its outermost surface under non\u2010stressed conditions, which are mainly composed of outer membrane and periplasmic components. Herein, we comprehensively characterise stress\u2010induced BEVs released upon exposure to the SOS response\u2010inducing genotoxin mitomycin C or the antimicrobial emulsifier bile, which\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    faces during intestinal colonisation. Compared to control BEVs from non\u2010stressed\n                    <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                    cultures, MMC and bile trigger the release of a high number of enlarged, nucleic acid\u2010rich BEVs with increased cytoplasmic content, a hallmark of cell lysis\u2010derived BEVs. Despite similarities between stress\u2010induced BEVs, our results indicate stressor\u2010specific BEV compositions and divergent SOS response activation, suggesting different biogenesis routes and subtypes of stress\u2010induced BEVs. Stress\u2010induced BEVs promote horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of a chromosomal antibiotic resistance cassette during laboratory cultivation and intestinal colonisation. We provide novel insights in BEV\u2010mediated HGT, which is independent of the PilA\u2010pilus of the competence machinery, but requires the periplasmic ComEA complex and downstream components. BEV\u2010mediated HGT is facilitated under intestinal conditions, that is, exposure to bile and proteases, which highlights the potential of genetic exchange via BEVs during host colonisation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T06:05:16Z","timestamp":1778393116000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Host Factor Induced Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Promote Horizontal Gene Transfer in\n                    <i>Vibrio cholerae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Fleischhacker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noa Sanchez","family":"Gordo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Cosic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratchara","family":"Kalwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo","family":"Eberl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7842-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biosciences University of Graz  Graz Austria"},{"name":"BioTechMed Graz  Graz Austria"},{"name":"Field of Excellence Biohealth \u2013 University of Graz  Graz Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES) Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene  Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01209"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403683111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01439-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01549-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Fitting a Mixture Model by Expectation Maximization to Discover Motifs in Biopolymers","volume":"2","author":"Bailey T. 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