{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T07:33:28Z","timestamp":1793691208595,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016289","name":"Taiju Life Social Welfare Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005865","name":"Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Vesicle"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gut microbial dysbiosis has been observed in several diseases. Although causal links and direct effects on host cells remain unclear, bacteria\u2010derived extracellular vesicles (BEVs) from the gut microbiota may regulate the host immune response. We examined the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection on the gut microbiome and BEVs release, and the effects of released BEVs on cytokine responses in monocyte\u2010derived cell lines. Fecal samples from 17 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) and 20 healthy individuals were collected to isolate bacterial and BEV fractions. Parental BEV\u2010releasing bacteria were identified from vesicle\u2010encapsulated bacterial DNA by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Patients with COVID\u201019 exhibited altered gut microbiota composition and the profile of bacterial DNA\u2010containing BEVs (dcBEVs) release compared to healthy controls. BEVs from patients, but not from healthy individuals, significantly changed cytokine levels in U937 monocyte cells. Following COVID\u201019 recovery, dcBEV profiles diverged into two distinct groups: those that retained the capacity to induce cytokines in monocytes and those that lost this functionality. BEVs from single bacterial cultures within families altered after COVID\u201019 onset affected the expression of genes in monocytes, primarily immune\u2010response genes, notably chemokine ligands and G protein\u2010coupled receptors. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2013induced dysbiosis alters the profile of dcBEVs release, thereby modulating the host immune response and potentially contributing to COVID\u201019 pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:10:21Z","timestamp":1784805021000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut Microbiota\u2010Derived Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in COVID\u201019: Their Signature and Immunological Impact"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aya","family":"Ishizaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security  Tokyo 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Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC) Osaka University  Osaka Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Japan Institute for Health Security  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yotsuyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science The University of Tokyo  Tokyo 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