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However, the specific inductive molecules within EVs remain largely unknown. Our findings reveal that cytochrome c (CytC), a previously unrecognized chemical signal packaged within EVs, induces larval metamorphosis. CytC maturation is\u00a0essential for this process, as it enhances the efficiency of electron transfer, thereby supplying the energy required for EV biogenesis and loading with CytC cargo. Molecular docking analysis suggests that bacterial CytC induces the metamorphosis of mussels by binding to Toll\u2010like receptor 4 (TLR4). Notably, a marked rise in CytC gene abundance was observed in the associated bacterial community during larval metamorphosis, which may indicate a programmed enhancement of electrogenic activity within the biofilm microenvironment to support larval developmental transition. Overall, a new paradigm for interkingdom signaling is proposed in this study, wherein CytC serves as a bioelectrical driver of EV biogenesis and a potentially broadly acting inductive signal within EVs for larval metamorphosis in invertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:05:22Z","timestamp":1790813122000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial Cytochrome C Orchestrates Larval Metamorphosis Through Bioelectrical Control of Extracellular Vesicles Biogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science Shanghai Ocean University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science International Research Center for Marine Biosciences of Ministry of Science and Technology Shanghai Ocean University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of 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