{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T23:59:37Z","timestamp":1791331177870,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Bio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Extracellular vesicles (EVs) recently emerged as important players in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. While the protist parasite\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    can produce EVs, their role in giardiasis remains obscure.\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    can disrupt gut microbiota biofilms and transform commensal bacteria into invasive pathobionts at sites devoid of colonizing trophozoites via unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    EVs could modify gut bacterial behaviour via a novel mode of trans\u2010kingdom communication. Our findings indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    EVs exert bacteriostatic effects on\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    HB101 and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    TW1, increasing their swimming motility.\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    EVs also decreased the biofilm\u2010forming ability of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    HB101 but not by\n                    <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    TW1, supporting the hypothesis that these effects are, at least in part, bacteria\u2010selective.\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    HB101 and\n                    <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    TW1 exhibited increased adhesion\/invasion\u00a0onto small intestine epithelial cells when exposed to\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    EVs. EVs labelled with PKH67 revealed colocalization with\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    HB101 and\n                    <jats:italic>E. cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    TW1 bacterial cells. Small RNA sequencing revealed a high abundance of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)\u2010 and transfer RNA (tRNA)\u2010derived small RNAs, short\u2010interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and micro\u2010RNAs (miRNAs) within\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    EVs. Proteomic analysis of EVs uncovered the presence of RNA chaperones and heat shock proteins that can facilitate the thermal stability of EVs and its sRNA cargo, as well as protein\u2010modifying enzymes. In vitro, RNase heat\u2010treatment assays showed that total RNAs in EVs, but not proteins, are responsible for modulating bacterial swimming motility and biofilm formation.\n                    <jats:italic>G. duodenalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    small RNAs of EVs, but not proteins, were responsible for the increased bacterial adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells induced upon exposure to\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    EVs. Together, the findings indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                    EVs contain a heat\u2010stable, RNase\u2010sensitive cargo that can trigger the development of pathobiont characteristics in Enterobacteria, depicting a novel trans\u2010kingdom cross\u2010talk in the gut.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T23:07:46Z","timestamp":1693436866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A thermo\u2010resistant and RNase\u2010sensitive cargo from\n                    <i>Giardia duodenalis<\/i>\n                    extracellular vesicles modifies the behaviour of enterobacteria"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Affan","family":"Siddiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Inflammation Research Network University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Host\u2010Parasite Interactions University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Heath  Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balu","family":"Balan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke G.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Inflammation Research Network University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Host\u2010Parasite Interactions University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Jex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3901-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Heath  Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4282-1865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thibault","family":"Allain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Inflammation Research Network University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Host\u2010Parasite Interactions University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre G.","family":"Buret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Inflammation Research Network University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Host\u2010Parasite Interactions University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2019.12.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis and post\u2010infectious complications in giardiasis","volume":"107","author":"Allain T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.06.003","article-title":"Giardia cysteine proteases: The teeth behind the smile","volume":"35","author":"Allain T.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98262-8","article-title":"High\u2010fat diet increases the severity of Giardia infection in association with low\u2010grade inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"11","author":"Allain 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