{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:24:33Z","timestamp":1792211073132,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Bio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder of pregnancy associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Current diagnostic strategies, particularly the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), are limited by late detection, variability in diagnostic criteria, and patient burden, highlighting the need for earlier and more reliable biomarkers. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) nanosized vesicles released by maternal, placental, and adipose tissues have emerged as promising candidates for liquid biopsy approaches in GDM. Their molecular cargos, including proteins, miRNAs, circRNAs, and lncRNAs, reflect the physiological or pathological state of the cell of origin and show distinct alterations in pregnancies complicated by GDM. These changes are linked to insulin resistance, inflammation, and placental dysfunction, suggesting a strong diagnostic potential. This review summarizes current knowledge on sEVs cargos as biomarkers for GDM and other pregnancy\u2010related complications and highlights emerging perspectives on their role in the early detection and management of GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:39:11Z","timestamp":1772995151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Small Extracellular Vesicles in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Current Landscape and Emerging Diagnostic Horizons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2913-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Biology, Pathology, &amp; Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry University of the Western Cape  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dada Oluwaseyi","family":"Temilola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Biology, Pathology, &amp; Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry University of the Western Cape  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mushi","family":"Matjila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manogari","family":"Chetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Biology, Pathology, &amp; Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry University of the Western Cape  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"6453","article-title":"Impact of Exosomes on the Pathogenesis of Diabetes and Its Complications","volume":"37","author":"Almaghrbi H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: The Past, The Present and the Future","volume":"6","author":"Al\u2010Noaemi M. C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gestational Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-S005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872019001201503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27175502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhuria R. K. S.Gill S.Malhotra andM.Singh.2024. \u201cEnhanced Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Through Machine Learning and Logistic Regression.\u201d In:2024 4th Asian Conference on Innovation in Technology (ASIANCON).IEEE; p.1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASIANCON62057.2024.10837869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20201946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2020.5783"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13317"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-021-00337-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2169259"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.01.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55453\/rjmm.2024.127.6.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-22-0170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"362","volume-title":"Textbook of Diabetes and Pregnancy","author":"Divakar H.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S325993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06442-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030675"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2061-9441"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30574\/gscarr.2024.21.3.0464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.544999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-022-00853-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202311_34338"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6380463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11993"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2024.100924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2595-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(15)30033-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","unstructured":"Hsu C.2010.Mechanisms of Multivesicular Body Biogenesis and Exosome Release."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.95763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12982\/JAMS.2024.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902522RR"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220484"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","article-title":"Cross Talk Between Adipose Tissue and Placenta in Obese and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Pregnancies via Exosomes","volume":"8","author":"Jayabalan N.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.4c04690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-03195-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25041947"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5124\/jkma.2024.67.11.686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.34.2.S66"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/236385"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.2264"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01276-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/145778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000430349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06919-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S363226"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2024.108796"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2022.11518"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.892587"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1097337"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218616","article-title":"Oral Extracellular Vesicles in Early Pregnancy Can Identify Patients at Risk of Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Monteiro L. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.18026.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20220150"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.3c00689"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13857"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180901"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70070\/gpgfhp26"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4626"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20230681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57040381"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57838-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-018-0325-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0856-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.85843"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18689\/mjd-1000103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2020.610582"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-14008-2.00008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.01.444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0966"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54112\/bcsrj.v6i4.1535"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00345"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14010027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202500470RR"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2013-2046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041142"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/acb-2020-0018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.14128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10112"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/aiht-2024-75-3923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0610-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S330323"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0909"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.864971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03514-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-021-00678-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17941"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/gpl.100165"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-018-0880-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.01.010"}],"container-title":["Journal of Extracellular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jex2.70120","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jex2.70120","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jex2.70120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T08:41:25Z","timestamp":1774428085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jex2.70120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jex2.70120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jex2.70120","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2768-2811","2768-2811"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2768-2811","type":"print"},{"value":"2768-2811","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70120"}}