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In this study, we highlight a hitherto unknown requirement of HS GAG chains for the simultaneous delivery of a myriad assortment of growth factors by EVs. We demonstrate an attenuated function following enzymatic removal of HS GAG chains from the surface of prostate cancer (PCa)\u2010derived EVs, using heparinase III (HepIII). Our results confirm that digestion of HS GAG chains is specific and does not compromise EV integrity regarding size or tetraspanin expression. Enzymatic removal of HS GAG chains did, however, substantially altered the vesicular protein profile, reducing the expression of factors such as midkine, CYR61 and TFPI implicating HS GAG chains as a mode of tethering these factors to the EV surface. Importantly, EV\u2010associated HS GAG chains are required for functional delivery of such factors, resulting in successful activation of cellular signalling pathways for SCF, IGF\u20101, midkine and VEGF in recipient fibroblasts. Furthermore, HS GAG chain removal attenuated EV\u2010induced fibroblast production of pro\u2010angiogenic factors VEGF and angiogenin as well as inflammatory factors VCAM\u20101 and IL\u20101\u03b1 alpha\/IL\u20101F1, underscoring the role of vesicular HS GAG chains in mediating functional outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of EV surface HS GAG chains in growth factor delivery and signalling, providing new insights into the EV corona and its relevance in pathological processes relating to modulation of the tissue microenvironment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T06:00:26Z","timestamp":1778392826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heparan Sulphate Glycosaminoglycan Chains Contribute to the Tethering of Coronal Factors and Are Important for Extracellular Vesicle\u2010Mediated Fibroblast Activation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Veiga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Microenvironment Group, Division of Cancer &amp; Genetics, School of Medicine Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex P.","family":"Shephard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Microenvironment Group, Division of Cancer &amp; 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