{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1790258591815,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102020M3A9G3080281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102020M3A9G3080281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["isevjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Extracellular Bio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from activated natural killer (NK) cells represent a promising cell\u2010free immunotherapy for cancer. However, the use of primary expanded human NK cell\u2010derived EVs (NK\u2010EVs) for intractable brain tumours is underexplored. Here, we evaluated common EV isolation methods including precipitation for bulk EVs and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to obtain both NK\u2010EVs and proteins. Precipitated NK\u2010EVs demonstrated potent dose\u2010dependent cytotoxicity against multiple glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines, including those resistant to conventional NK cell therapy. They suppressed tumour growth in subcutaneous GBM xenograft models and, following intravenous administration, significantly inhibited orthotopic brain tumour progression and prolonged survival. SEC\u2010NK\u2010EVs expressed high levels of activating receptors (NKG2D, DNAM\u20101, NKp30) and effector proteins (perforin, granzyme B) with lower inhibitory receptors (TIGIT, TIM\u20103, CD96 and LAG3) compared to parental cells. Importantly, both SEC\u2010NK\u2010EVs and proteins exhibited antitumor activity, revealing complementary therapeutic mechanisms within the NK cell secretome. Collectively, these findings establish NK\u2010EVs as an effective cell\u2010free immunotherapy strategy for GBM that has the potential to evade key limitations of adoptive NK cell therapy, including the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:34:11Z","timestamp":1790256851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Killer Cell\u2010Derived Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Demonstrate Potent Antitumor Activity Against Human Glioblastoma In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Huy Phuoc Quang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital Chonnam National University Medical School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Chonnam National University Graduate School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0996-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meesun","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital Chonnam National University Medical School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Chonnam National University Graduate School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Immunotherapy Innovation Center Chonnam National University Medical School  Hwasun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital  Hwasun Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital &amp; School of Medicine  Hwasun Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duck","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine &amp; Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU)  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byong Seung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ExoCoBio Exosome Institute (EEI) ExoCoBio Inc.  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tung Nguyen Thanh","family":"Uong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital Chonnam National University Medical School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science Chonnam National University Graduate School  Gwangju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae\u2010Uk","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital Chonnam National University Medical School  Gwangju Republic of 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