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In order to establish a model system to study the effects of such environmental chemicals on aquatic animals, we examined the effects of a natural estrogen, 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol (E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), on early development of <jats:italic>Fundulus heteroclitus<\/jats:italic>. Embryos of <jats:italic>F. heteroclitus<\/jats:italic> were reared in seawater containing 10<jats:sup>\u221210<\/jats:sup>, 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>, and 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup> M E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> throughout the experiment. Hatching and survival rates decreased in a dose\u2010dependent manner, and fry treated with 10<jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup> M E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup> M E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were dead by two weeks and 12 weeks after hatching, respectively. More than 85% of fry treated with 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup> M E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> showed malformations: i.e., eye extrusion, crooked vertebral column, faded lateral\u2010stripe pattern eight weeks after hatching. Body weight and head and body lengths were significantly reduced in E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010treated fry when compared to controls. Ossification was not completed in vertebrae, cranial bones, and other bones in fry treated with 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup> M E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> even 12 weeks after hatching. Sex ratio of control fry was 57% male and 43% female, whereas fry treated with 10<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup> M E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> were 100% female eight weeks after hatching. The present results demonstrate that exogenous estrogen induced death of embryos and fry, malformations, sex reversal, and incomplete ossification of vertebrae and cranial bones, which would result in shorter body and head lengths and in malformed vertebrae leading to a hunchback condition. <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. 293: 693\u2013702, 2002.<\/jats:italic> \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.10161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,31]],"date-time":"2002-10-31T18:21:48Z","timestamp":1036088508000},"page":"693-702","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Early estrogen exposure induces abnormal development of <i>Fundulus heteroclitus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"293","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Urushitani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinao","family":"Katsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taisen","family":"Iguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00680-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Use of the neonatal mouse in studying long\u2010term effects of early exposure to hormones and other agents","volume":"1","author":"Bern HA","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"BlackD McElroyA.1991.Reproductive effects of 3 3\u2032 4 4\u2032\u2010TCB exposure inFundulus heteroclitus. 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