{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:45:15Z","timestamp":1791049515169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,14]],"date-time":"2001-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":997747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Exp. Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In all species of crocodilians, sex is determined not by genetic mechanisms, but by the temperature at which the egg is incubated. In the American alligator (<jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>) the thermosensitive period (TSP) for sex determination is a 7\u2010 to 10\u2010day window within stages 21\u201324 of development, around the middle third of the incubation period. Treating embryos with estrogen during the TSP produces female offspring, even at male incubation temperatures. Conversely, blocking embryonic estrogen synthesis at female\u2010inducing temperature prevents development of the female phenotype. Therefore, it has been suggested that estrogen plays a role in determination of sex in the alligator. Estrogen is produced from an androgen substrate by cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19). If estrogen plays a critical role in sex determination, there should be differences in aromatase expression between embryos at male\u2010 and female\u2010producing temperatures during the TSP. Therefore, to address this question, we cloned and characterized the alligator CYP19 cDNA. Based on the sequence information, a quantitative kinetic reverse transcriptase\u2013polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan) assay was designed to measure expression of the alligator aromatase gene in RNA extracted from the gonadal and brain regions of alligator embryos incubated at male\u2010 or female\u2010producing temperatures from prior to the TSP through hatching. Aromatase expression was detected in the brain region from the earliest stage tested (stage 20) through hatching. The hypothalamus had significantly higher expression than the forebrain or hindbrain in both male and female embryos. Expression was not significantly different in the gonadal region between embryos at male and female temperatures until after the TSP, when there was a dramatic increase in expression at female temperature. These data indicate that aromatase expression and, thus, estrogen production, are not the initial trigger for sex determination but play an essential role in ovarian differentiation in the alligator. <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. 290:439\u2013448, 2001<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T19:58:07Z","timestamp":1030305487000},"page":"439-448","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Alligator aromatase cDNA sequence and its expression in embryos at male and female incubation temperatures"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"290","author":[{"given":"Willow N.","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen R.","family":"Place","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentine A.","family":"Lance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1677215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(87)80077-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.114.3.721","article-title":"A quantitative, interspecific test for biological activity of anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone: the fetal ovary aromatase assay","volume":"114","author":"Clemente ND","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1997.6913"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(92)90437-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-0436.1994.5810001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1734525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1446248"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"FelsensteinJ.1993.Phylogeny Inference Package. 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