{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T11:42:27Z","timestamp":1770464547971,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,13]],"date-time":"2005-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1115942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11090,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Exp. Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To gain insight into the sex\u2010determining mechanism of the Siamese fighting fish, <jats:italic>Betta splendens<\/jats:italic>, sex\u2010reversed individuals were bred and the ratios of the spawnings were examined. Sex\u2010reversal of 245 females was undertaken by ovariectomizing them; of these, 104 became sex\u2010reversed. Twenty\u2010three of these latter fish were mated to normal females and eleven spawnings were raised to maturity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>These spawnings resulted in all female broods or mixed broods. Were the male fish heterogametic, a view currently held by some authors, no males would be produced in these spawnings. Thus, male heterogamety was not substantiated in this study.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Contrary to other studies, the experimental sex reversal of females is not a rare event since nearly two\u2010thirds of the fish that survived the surgery became sex\u2010reversed.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Gross dissection and histological observation of sex\u2010reversed fish revealed a regenerated, unpaired duct which remained after the ovaries had been removed. The tissue of the regenerate was testicular and contained active spermatogenesis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Some alternative methods of sex determination which may apply to the Betta are examined. These include the possibility of two different sex\u2010determining races, the effects of exogenous factors, and a polygenic system of sex determination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401910104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T09:37:30Z","timestamp":1118482650000},"page":"25-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Sex reversal in <i>Betta splendens<\/i> Regan with emphasis on the problem of sex determination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Thomas Philip","family":"Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanne R.","family":"Larkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"145","volume-title":"Intersexuality in Vertebrates Including Man","author":"Atz J. W.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Becker P.1969Experimentell induzierter Geschlechtswechsel bei Anabantiden. Ph.D. Diss. Univ. Mainz."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050600106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1441552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/156603a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"274","article-title":"Determination e differenciation du sexe chez les poissons","volume":"39","author":"D'Anocona U.","year":"1950","journal-title":"Arch. Anat. Microscop. Morphol. Exptl."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Genetic and environmental aspects of sex determination in cold\u2010blooded vertebrates","volume":"7","author":"Dodd J. M.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Mem. Soc. Endocrinol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1970)99<131:HITF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01847453"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"379","article-title":"Studies of Anabantid Fishes. III","volume":"32","author":"Forselius S.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Zool. bidrag. fran Uppsala"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Genetics of Platypoecilus maculatus V. Heterogametic sex\u2010determining mechanism in females of a domesticated stock originally from British Honduras","volume":"36","author":"Gordon M.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Sex determination in Xiphophorus (Platypoecilus) maculatus. III. Differentiation of gonads in platyfish from broods having a sex ratio of three females to one male","volume":"37","author":"Gordon M.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Vollkommene Geschlechtsumwandlung beim weiblichen siamesischen Kampffish, Betta splendens","volume":"146","author":"Kaiser P.","year":"1951","journal-title":"Zool. Anz."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Lucas G. A.1968A study of variation in the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens with emphasis on color mutants and the problem of sex determination. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Iowa State University 201pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Lucas G. A.1971(personal communication)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"306","volume-title":"Sex Chromosomes","author":"Mittwoch U.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02109228"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Sex reversal in the fighting fish, Betta splendens","volume":"70","author":"Noble G. K.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Sex reversal in spayed female Bettas","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt E.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Tropical Fish Hobbyist"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Geschlechtsumwandlungen bei tropischen Zierfischen","volume":"2","author":"Schmidt H.","year":"1930","journal-title":"Zuchter"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1942.tb03276.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1546-5098(08)60113-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Zoology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjez.1401910104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.1401910104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T07:04:06Z","timestamp":1699772646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jez.1401910104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1975,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1975,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jez.1401910104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.1401910104","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-104X","1097-010X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-104X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-010X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1975,1]]}}}