{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:48:58Z","timestamp":1779342538758,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,2]],"date-time":"2005-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4050,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Exp. Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sensitivity of small transgenes to position effects on their expression suggests that they could serve as indicators of the chromatin properties at their integration site. In particular, they might be expected to provide information on the functional properties of mammalian heterochromatin. We have produced a transgenic line that carries a mouse Hprt minigene on the Y chromosome. In situ hybridization localized the transgene to the heterochromatic portion of the Y. Analysis of transgene expression by isoelectric focusing indicated that the transgene is expressed in a mosaic pattern, and expressing cells have different levels of transgene activity. These findings can be explained as a position effect variegation induced by Y heterochromatin. However, two other transgenes, located at autosomal sites, also showed mosaic activity. If the mosaic transgene expression is attributed to the influence of the chromatin at the insertion site, the Y heterochromatin would appear less potent than some autosomal regions at inducing variegation. An alternative explanation consistent with our results is that the mosaic expression is a semi\u2010autonomous characteristic of these transgene loci. Transgene\u2010expressing and non\u2010expressing cells differed in their ability to grow and be cloned in vitro, indicating that cellular differentiation affected the chromatin structure of the transgene locus on the Y. Karyotype analysis of male mice with the Y\u2010linked transgene and from control male mice carrying the human HPRT transgene, or the mouse Pgk\u20101 gene at autosomal sites, indicated that the transgene\u2010carrying Y is prone to non\u2010disjunction, generating cells with two (or more) or no Y chromosomes in equal proportion. Further studies will determine if the propensity of this Y chromosome to mitotic errors is also observed in vivo. \u00a9 1994 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402680606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T02:37:47Z","timestamp":1118457467000},"page":"452-468","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Mosaic expression of an Hprt transgene integrated in a region of Y heterochromatin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"268","author":[{"given":"Dimitrina D.","family":"Pravtcheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas L.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Ensor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank H.","family":"Ruddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/333852a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.10.3.1192"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)61435-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90596-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00284933"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00648439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00360847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.7.2959"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.15.6447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.3.836"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90509-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300014932"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/103.4.785","article-title":"Electrophoretic variation for X chromosome\u2010linked hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) in wild\u2010derived mice","volume":"103","author":"Chapman V. 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