{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T21:16:03Z","timestamp":1785532563818,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,25]],"date-time":"2005-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3524,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Exp. Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010three fertilized <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> embryos at early tail bud stage were launched into orbit aboard a Biocosmos satellite and remained in microgravity for 11.5 days. During this period, the embryos hatched and continued to develop as free\u2010living larvae. Forty\u2010eight individuals survived the mission. Upon recovery these tadpoles had smaller heads\/bodies and proportionately longer tails than ground controls. Almost all the flight animals had caudal lordosis and consequently swam in backward somersaults. Compared to ground\u2010based controls, their notochords were significantly larger in cross\u2010sectional area and were deformed. Caudal muscle fibers were less dense and involuted in a fashion indicative of degeneration. In contrast, cranial muscles associated with buccal pumping did not differ between the flight and control animals.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Upon landing, the flight larvae were found to be negatively buoyant and lay on the bottom when they were not swimming. They had significantly smaller lungs than controls, suggesting that they had failed to inflate their lungs in microgravity. Additionally, the branchial baskets, gill filters and thymuses all showed signs of retarded development or degeneration.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The caudal deformity that we observed in the flight <jats:italic>X. laevis<\/jats:italic> has been independently observed in three other space flight experiments where embryos were launched then hatched in space. In contrast, <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> larvae from another orbital experiment that were raised from fertilization through hatching in space did not exhibit any caudal abnormalities. These divergent results suggest that either features of the launch itself (i.e., high acceleration and vibration) or an abrupt decrease in gravity during the tail bud stage detrimentally affects musculoskeletal development in anurans. \u00a9 1995 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402730104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T01:01:36Z","timestamp":1118451696000},"page":"21-32","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Effects of space flight on <i>Xenopus laevis<\/i> larval development"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"273","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Snetkova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Chelnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Serova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Saveliev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Cherdanzova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Pronych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Wassersug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.52.1.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Xenopus laevis: Rearing and breeding the African clawed frog","author":"Etheridge A. L.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.122.1.1","article-title":"The kinematics of swimming in larvae of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis","volume":"122","author":"Hoff K.vS.","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Space Biology","author":"Malacinski G. M.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-2574(08)60121-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186S","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.S186","article-title":"Effect of spaceflight on lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin\u20102 production","volume":"73","author":"Nash P. V.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1993.1024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Proc. 5th Eur. Symp. on \u201cLife Sciences Research in Space,\u201d","author":"Neubert J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Normal table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin)","author":"Nieuwkoop P. D.","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z94-099"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Rahmann H. andK.Slenzka(1994)Influence of gravity on early development of lower aquatic vertebrates. In: Proc. 5th Eur. Symp. on \u201cLife Sciences Research in Space \u201d ESA Publications Division Noordwijk The Netherlands pp.147\u2013152."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Eur. Symp. on \u201cLife Sciences Research in Space,\u201d","author":"Rahmann H.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(92)90265-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","unstructured":"63\u2013 (1)72."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Exercise and Sports Science Reviews","author":"Roy R. R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection","author":"Schmalhausen I. I.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00015196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Eur. Symp. on \u201cLife Sciences Research in Space,\u201d","author":"Slenzka K.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191S","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.2.S191","article-title":"Spaceflight alters immune cell function and distribution","volume":"73","author":"Sonnenfeld G.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Proceedings of \u201cIn Space '94\u201d","author":"Souza K.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.6.1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402690306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(92)90273-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Eur. Symp. on \u201cLife Sciences Research in Space,\u201d","author":"Ubbels G. A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Razvitiye Vestibulyarnogo Apparata v Usloviyakh Nevesomosti","volume":"44","author":"Vinnikov Ya.A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Zhurnal Obshchey Biologii"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Internal oral features of tadpoles from eight anuran families: functional, systematic, evolutionary and ecological considerations","volume":"68","author":"Wassersug R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Misc. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., U. Kansas"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1446168"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Aerial respiration facilitates growth in suspension\u2010feeding anuran larvae (Xenopus nopus laevis)","volume":"46","author":"Wassersug R. J.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01135948"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1294309"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Zoology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjez.1402730104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.1402730104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T03:42:37Z","timestamp":1698291757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jez.1402730104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jez.1402730104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.1402730104","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-104X","1097-010X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-104X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-010X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,9]]}}}