{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:22:12Z","timestamp":1791249732880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Exp. Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Thymosin \u03b2<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> (TMSB4X) belongs to a class of highly conserved small proteins that are present in a high abundance in immune tissues, where it participates in various biological activities, including anti\u2010inflammation, wound healing, apoptosis, and cell survival. However, little is known about the expression and regulation of TMSB4X in reproductive tissues. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of rat <jats:italic>Tmsb4x<\/jats:italic> and chicken <jats:italic>TMSB4X<\/jats:italic> genes during testicular and epididymal development. Rat <jats:italic>Tmsb4x<\/jats:italic> was strongly detected in the spermatogonia and spermatocytes of testis at early postnatal development and transmitted to Leydig cells at sexual maturation. Also, rat <jats:italic>Tmsb4x<\/jats:italic> was detected at an increased level in the epididymis during postnatal development. When compared to the rat, expression of the chicken <jats:italic>TMSB4X<\/jats:italic> gene was low in the testis and epididymal region, and the mRNA localization was also unexpected. Three experiments were performed to examine the regulation of rat <jats:italic>Tmsb4x<\/jats:italic> in the epididymis: after elimination of Leydig cells using ethylene dimethane sulfonate (EDS); after destruction of the testis by cryptorchidism; and after castration. EDS\u2010treated and castrated rats were injected with testosterone propionate. The expression of <jats:italic>Tmsb4x<\/jats:italic> was significantly reduced in the epididymis of EDS\u2010treated, and castrated rats. In contrast, <jats:italic>Tmsb4x<\/jats:italic> was significantly enhanced in the epididymis after testosterone treatment. The expression of rat <jats:italic>Tmsb4x<\/jats:italic> was also regulated in the epididymis after cryptorchidism. Collectively, the expression of <jats:italic>Tmsb4x<\/jats:italic> was strongly detected in the testis and epididymis of rats, and was highly regulated in the epididymis by testosterone. J. Exp. Zool. 319A: 584\u2013595, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T15:15:25Z","timestamp":1378394125000},"page":"584-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparative expression and regulation of TMSB4X in male reproductive tissues of rats and chickens"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"319","author":[{"given":"Deivendran","family":"Rengaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Class University (WCU) Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Sun","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Class University (WCU) Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao Huan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Shantou University Shantou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen Bo","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Shantou University Shantou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeng Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Shantou University Shantou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Yong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Class University (WCU) Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(01)00569-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.258616"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01652.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02740.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(91)90236-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-003-0369-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)81196-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(83)90177-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Morphometric aspects of rat testis development","volume":"145","author":"Gaytan F","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1415.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.143.8.2740","article-title":"Thymosin\u2010beta 4 gene. 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