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However, salamanders do not have any of the anatomical features commonly observed in specialized climbing species (e.g., claws, setae, suction cups). Instead, salamanders cling to surfaces using the shear and adhesive properties of their mucous layer. In this study, we explore the capabilities and spatiotemporal gait patterns of arboreal locomotion in the red\u2010backed salamander as they move across twelve substrate conditions ranging in diameter, orientation, and roughness. On arboreal substrates, red\u2010backed salamanders decreased locomotor speed, stride frequency, phase and stride length, and increased duty factor and stride duration. Such responses have been observed in other non\u2010salamander species and are posited to increase arboreal stability. Furthermore, these findings indicate that amphibian locomotion, or at least the locomotor behavior of the red\u2010backed salamander, is not stereotyped and that some locomotor plasticity is possible in response to the demands of the external environment. However, red\u2010backed salamanders were unable to locomote on any small\u2010diameter or vertically\u2010oriented coarse substrates. This finding provides strong evidence that the climbing abilities of red\u2010backed salamanders are attributable solely to mucous adhesion and that this species is unable to produce the necessary external \u201cgripping\u201d forces to achieve fine\u2010branch arboreal locomotion or scale substrates where adhesion is not possible. The red\u2010backed salamander provides an ideal model for arboreal locomotor performance of anatomically\u2010unspecialized amphibians and offers insight into transitionary stages in the evolution of arborealism in this lineage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T21:09:58Z","timestamp":1636492198000},"page":"238-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Are they arboreal? Climbing abilities and mechanics in the red\u2010backed salamander (<i>Plethodon cinereus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"337","author":[{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Hanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Alihosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Davoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6465-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Granatosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Innovation New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1983.tb05620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46082-6_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"14065823","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed\u2010effects models using lme4","author":"Bates D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192172"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00306525.1999.9639746"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2015.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836905006874"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23959"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674184404.c5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1096-3642.2002.00038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.089060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2016.2867"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2006.0135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2006.00592.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Is all quadrupedalism the same? 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