{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T14:30:51Z","timestamp":1775140251572,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Living sloths exhibit numerous anatomical specializations towards inverted quadrupedalism, however, previous studies have noted a more varied locomotor repertoire than previously anticipated. In this study, we present spatiotemporal gait characteristics and triaxial kinetic data from the brown\u2010throated three\u2010toed sloth (<jats:italic>Bradypus variegatus<\/jats:italic>) across three locomotor modes: terrestrial quadrupedal \u201ccrawling\u201d, suspensory walking, and vertical climbing. Compared to quadrupedal crawling and suspensory walking, <jats:italic>B. variegatus<\/jats:italic> adopted longer contact times and stride durations, larger duty factors, and greater speed during vertical climbing. <jats:italic>Net<\/jats:italic> fore\u2010aft impulses were significantly greater during vertical climbing in both limb pairs than in quadrupedal crawling and suspensory walking. Functionally, during quadrupedal crawling and vertical climbing, both limb pairs served propulsive roles, while differentiation between a propulsive forelimb and braking hindlimb was observed during suspension. <jats:italic>Net<\/jats:italic> tangential forces differentiated vertical climbing kinetics from the other modes of locomotion, with the introduction of bidirectional pulling and pushing forces in the forelimb and hindlimb, respectively. The <jats:italic>net<\/jats:italic> mediolateral impulses were similar in vertical climbing and quadrupedal crawling as both limb pairs directed forces in one direction, whereas during suspensory walking, the laterally dominant forelimb was opposed by the medially dominant hindlimb. In total, this study provides novel data on the diverse locomotor dynamics in a slow\u2010moving arboreal tetrapod and posits new testable hypotheses about the neuroplasticity and ease of transitioning between locomotor behaviors. The strikingly similar kinetic profiles of quadrupedal crawling and suspensory walking compared to vertical climbing suggest shared neuromuscular and mechanical demands between these mirrored locomotor modes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T05:56:44Z","timestamp":1675749404000},"page":"383-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Three toes and three modes: Dynamics of terrestrial, suspensory, and vertical locomotion in brown\u2010throated three\u2010toed sloths (<i>Bradypodidae, Xenarthra<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"339","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1760-812X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melody W.","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McKamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Youngstown State University Youngstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9062-6677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwin","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5819-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnathan","family":"Yarbro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Jonesboro Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0931-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashwin","family":"Ragupathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7933-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navjot","family":"Guru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judy A.","family":"Avey\u2010Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sloth Sanctuary of Costa Rica Penshurst Limon Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael T.","family":"Butcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Youngstown State University Youngstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6465-5386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael C.","family":"Granatosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Innovation New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine Old Westbury New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.14137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new species of three\u2010toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus","volume":"114","author":"Anderson R. P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings\u2010Biological Society of Washington"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01980"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"The three\u2010toed sloth Bradypus cuculliger cuculliger Wagler","volume":"7","author":"Beebe W.","year":"1926","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(07)64013-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836905006874"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266467409990137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23959"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Notes on the three\u2010toed sloth, Bradypus tridactylus","volume":"24","author":"Carvalho C.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Mammalia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200010)113:2<201::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01379.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.13138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804036-2.00009-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.218370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"Granatosky M. C.(2016). A mechanical analysis of suspensory locomotion in primates and other mammals (Dissertations). Duke University."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12538"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.162917"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.243231"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","article-title":"Variation in limb loading magnitude and timing in tetrapods","volume":"223","author":"Granatosky M. C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.185702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.20.2.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2561"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.157628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.078618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200012)113:4<455::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Gravity, posture and locomotion in primates. Firenze, Il Sedicesimo","author":"Ishida H.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","unstructured":"Jouffroy F. &Stern J.(1990).Telemetered EMG study of the antigravity versus propulsive actions of knee and elbow muscles in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang).Gravity posture and locomotion in primates 221\u2013236.http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=jouffroy%2Bloris&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0 34#1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2016.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3106\/041.042.0306"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Environment, behavior, and morphology: Dynamic interactions in primates","author":"Kimura T.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836901001455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20935"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.242866"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-021-09537-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051620308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1380728"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1381249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The evolution and ecology of armadillos, sloths, and vermilinguas","author":"Mendel F. C.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1374529"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-011-9174-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-013-9266-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01394.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2009.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-012-0099-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-017-9411-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/zma\/83\/2002\/171"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330670406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(02)00165-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/29.1.50"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","volume-title":"Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research","author":"Sokal R. R.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01118.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-020-01325-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1379088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12292"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2006.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","unstructured":"Winter B.(2013).Linear models and linear mixed effects models in R with linguistic applications.arXiv.http:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1308.5499.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-3190\/10\/1\/016019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050460202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.0245"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.2684","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jez.2684","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.2684","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T02:01:09Z","timestamp":1692583269000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jez.2684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jez.2684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.2684","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-5638","2471-5646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-5638","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-5646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}