{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T23:01:59Z","timestamp":1740178919499,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most frogs have weak jaws that play a relatively minor role in tongue\u2010mediated prey capture. Horned frogs (<jats:italic>Ceratophrys<\/jats:italic> spp.), however, follow the projection of a large tongue with a vice\u2010like grip of their jaws to hold and immobilize prey. Prey include relatively large vertebrates, which they may restrain for minutes to possibly hours. High endurance behaviors, such as prolonged biting, require that muscles be capable of sustained force production. The feeding behavior of <jats:italic>Ceratophrys<\/jats:italic> suggests that their jaw\u2010adductor muscles may be capable of powering sustained bites for long periods. We examined the capacity for sustained bite force by conducting an in situ experiment during which we measured bite force while bilaterally and supramaximally stimulating the jaw\u2010adductor muscles of euthanized Cranwell's horned frogs (<jats:italic>C. cranwelli<\/jats:italic>). Muscles were stimulated for at least 60\u2009min with a series of tetanic trains, with one experiment lasting over 6\u2009h. We found that a significant sustained force develops during the first few minutes of the experiment, and this force is present between tetanic trains when the muscles are not being stimulated. The sustained force persists long after tetanic forces are barely detectable. The observed sustained force phenomenon parallels that observed for the jaw\u2010adductor muscles of alligator lizards (<jats:italic>Elgaria<\/jats:italic>), another animal capable of sustained biting. The ability to bite with sustained and significant force by <jats:italic>C. cranwelli<\/jats:italic> may be facilitated by a configuration of different muscle fiber types, such as slow tonic fibers, as well as specializations in the muscle fibers that mitigate the effects of fatigue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T05:00:26Z","timestamp":1677646826000},"page":"437-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustained force production by the jaw\u2010adductor muscles of a megalophagous frog, <i>Ceratophrys cranwelli<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"339","author":[{"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic University Pomona California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7979-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Deban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5386-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Kristopher","family":"Lappin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Department California State Polytechnic University Pomona California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402450302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1989.sp017730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Two new records in the diet of Ceratophrys cornuta Linneaus, 1758 (Anura:Ceratophrydae)","volume":"4","author":"Ch\u00e1vez G.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Herpetology Notes"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Biology of a sit\u2010and\u2010wait predator, the leptodactylid frog Ceratophrys cornuta","volume":"50","author":"Duellman W. 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