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In infants, milk flow rate is often limited to improve feeding performance without treating the underlying deficiencies in the sucking and swallowing processes. Modification of the neuromotor response via sensory information from the nipple during bottle feeding is an unexplored avenue for physiology\u2010based interventions. In this study, we assessed how differences in nipple hole size and nipple stiffness affect sucking muscle activation and subsequent movement. We fabricated four bottle nipples of varying hole size and stiffness to determine how variation in nipple properties affects the sucking behavior of infant pigs. Our results demonstrate that sensory information from the nipple affects sucking motor output. Nipple hole sizes and stiffnesses with a larger milk flow rate resulted in greater muscle activity and kinematic movement. Additionally, our results suggest that sensorimotor interventions are better directed toward\u00a0modulating tongue function rather than the mandible movements\u00a0due to a greater response to sensory information. Understanding how sensory information influences infant feeding is instrumental in promoting effective infant feeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T05:00:12Z","timestamp":1689224412000},"page":"767-776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Nipple properties affect sensorimotor integration during bottle feeding in an infant pig model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"339","author":[{"given":"Maxwell L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendall E.","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 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