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In this study, we take advantage of the naturally occurring sex reversal in a mouse species, <jats:italic>Mus minutoides<\/jats:italic>, to investigate for the first time the relationship between sex chromosomes, hormones, and behaviors in a wild species. In this model, a feminizing variant of the X chromosome, named X*, produces three types of females with different sex chromosome complements (XX, XX*, and X*Y), associated with alternative behavioral phenotypes, while all males are XY. We thus compared the levels of three major circulating steroid hormones (testosterone, corticosterone, and estradiol) in the four sex genotypes to disentangle the influence of sex chromosomes and sex hormones on behavior. First, we did not find any difference in testosterone levels in the three female genotypes, although X*Y females are notoriously more aggressive. Second, in agreement with their lower anxiety\u2010related behaviors, X*Y females and XY males display lower baseline corticosterone concentration than XX and XX* females. Instead of a direct hormonal influence, this result rather suggests that sex chromosomes may have an impact on the baseline corticosterone level, which in turn may influence behaviors. Third, estradiol concentrations do not explain the enhanced reproductive performance and maternal care behavior of the X*Y females compared to the XX and XX* females. Overall, this study highlights that most of the behaviors varying along with sex chromosome complement of this species are more likely driven by genetic factors rather than steroid hormone concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T04:24:33Z","timestamp":1702009473000},"page":"130-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hormone profiles of the African pygmy mouse <i>Mus minutoides<\/i>, a species with XY female sex reversal"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"341","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1706-9915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederic","family":"Veyrunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier UMR 5554, CNRS Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, IRD Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier UMR 5554, CNRS Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, IRD Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise D.","family":"Heitzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier UMR 5554, CNRS Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, IRD Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier UMR 5554, CNRS Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, IRD Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Givalois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MMDN, Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory Universit\u00e9 Montpellier, EPHE\u2010PSL, INSERM U1198 Montpellier France"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, CR\u2010CHUQ, Faculty of Medicine Laval University Qu\u00e9bec City Canada"},{"name":"CNRS Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2009.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2019.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","article-title":"Improved mitochondrial coupling as a response to high mass\u2010specific metabolic rate in extremely small mammals","volume":"223","author":"Boel M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900723RRR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12407"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7792602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2441"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2004.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0952-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Androgen receptor structure, function and biology: From bench to bedside","volume":"37","author":"Davey R. 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