{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:36:53Z","timestamp":1789015013346,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The donkey's extraordinary capacity to endure substantial loads over long distances while maintaining equilibrium suggests a distinctive cerebellar architecture specialized in balance regulation. Consequently, our study aims to investigate the intricate histophysiology of the donkey's cerebellum using advanced ultrastructural and immunohistochemical methodologies to comprehend the mechanisms that govern this exceptional ability. This study represents the pioneering investigation to comprehensively describe the ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry within the donkey cerebellum. Five adult donkeys'\u00a0cerebella were utilized for the study, employing stains such as hematoxylin, eosin, and toluidine blue to facilitate a comprehensive histological examination. For immunohistochemical investigation, synaptophysin (SP), calretinin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein\u00a0were used and evaluated by the Image J software. Furthermore, a double immunofluorescence staining of SP and neuron\u2010specific enolase (NSE) was performed to highlight the co\u2010localization of these markers and explore their potential contribution to synaptic function within the donkey cerebellum. This investigation aims to understand their possible roles in regulating neuronal activity and synaptic connectivity. We observed co\u2010expression of SP and NSE in the donkey cerebellum, which emphasizes the crucial role of efficient energy utilization for motor coordination and balance, highlighting the interdependence of synaptic function and energy metabolism. The Purkinje cells were situated in the intermediate zone of the cerebellum cortex, known as the Purkinje cell layer. Characteristically, the Purkinje cell's bodies exhibited a distinct pear\u2010like shape. The cross\u2010section area of the Purkinje cells was 107.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u2009\u00b5m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, and the Purkinje cell nucleus was 95.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009\u00b5m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. The length and diameter of the Purkinje cells were 36.4\u2009\u00d7\u200923.4\u2009\u00b5m. By scanning electron microscopy, the body of the Purkinje cell looked like a triangular or oval with a meandrous outer surface. The dendrites appeared to have small spines. The Purkinje cells'\u00a0cytoplasm was rich with mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, multivesicular bodies, and lysosomes. Purkinje cell dendrites were discovered in the molecular layer, resembling trees. This study sheds light on the anatomical and cellular characteristics underlying the donkey's exceptional balance\u2010maintaining abilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T05:35:20Z","timestamp":1705469720000},"page":"293-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Investigating the role of Purkinje fibers and synaptic connectivity in balance regulation through comprehensive ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis of the donkey's (<i>Equus asinus<\/i>) cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"341","author":[{"given":"Samar M.\u00a0Ez","family":"Elarab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6236-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.M.","family":"Alsafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir A.A.","family":"El\u2010Gendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neveen E.R.","family":"El\u2010Bakary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elsayed Noreldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Damanhour University Damanhour Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Rashwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Damanhour University Damanhour Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Life Science Frontiers Kyoto University Kyoto Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2011.00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23670"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-013-9561-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/micmic\/ozac021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-008-0044-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78192-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-132660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Theory and practice of histological techniques","author":"Bancroft J. D.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.931930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/jva.2016.37446"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220600724569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Correlative microscopy of Purkinje dendritic spines. A field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopic study","volume":"36","author":"Castej\u00f3n O.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jamr.2011.1070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6606-2-24"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24252"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007072105919"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091250305"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40851-023-00205-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1994.tb00838.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.24245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220701332486"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.499bk.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00186824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.1998.00380.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00058-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830220065010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90133-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0687"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci8020033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","volume-title":"Basic techniques for transmission electron microscopy","author":"Hayat M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00422-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.18.1.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.52.Suppl_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","volume-title":"Normal pattern of camel histology","author":"Jarrar B.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12052-011-0381-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-011-0331-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63916-5.00017-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81235-0"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Histologic fixatives suitable for diagnostic light and electron microscopy","volume":"100","author":"McDowell E. M.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2001.1314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/ejh.2018.3019.1001"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Morphometric study of the Purkinje cells of the canine cerebellar cortex","volume":"92","author":"MSh A.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biulleten'Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334790"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","unstructured":"Muzio M. R. &Cascella M.(2020).Histology axon."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-3079-5.50013-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091380404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","volume-title":"Cerebellar cortex: Cytology and organization","author":"Palay S. L.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/svu.2023.179071.1242"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/micmic\/ozad126"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"Unique histological character of Purkinje cell in the cerebellum of Egyptian water buffalo","volume":"6","author":"Roshdy K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"EC Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03301A"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1105183"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000351031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181d0151f"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(96)80167-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215540205000211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2001.00206.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","first-page":"4203","article-title":"Immunohistochemical quantification of the vitamin B12 transport protein (TCII), cell surface receptor (TCII\u2010R) and Ki\u201067 in human tumor xenografts","volume":"33","author":"Sysel A. M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/CQWY-E3F6-9KDN-YV36"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The \u2018wonderful\u2019 donkey\u2013Of real and fabled donkeys","volume":"75","author":"Viviers H.","year":"2019","journal-title":"HTS: Theological Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.112.6.1205"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-008-0043-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","volume-title":"Mountain farming is family farming: A\u00a0contribution from mountain areas to the International Year of Family Farming 2014","author":"Wymann von Dach S.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14734220310023332"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","unstructured":"Yang L. He Z. Li C. Han J. Zhu D. Liu T. &Zhang T.(2022).Brain Cortical Functional Gradients Predict Cortical Folding Patterns via Attention Mesh Convolution.arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.10605."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.2782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T13:20:23Z","timestamp":1708953623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jez.2782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jez.2782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.2782","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-5638","2471-5646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-5638","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-5646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}