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Here, our objective was to assess defense strategies in rats infected with <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> and\/or <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic> under environmental challenges. After four weeks of treatment with environmental challenges (food restriction [0\/1] and\/or social conflict [0\/1]), rats were exposed to <jats:italic>Tri. spiralis<\/jats:italic> [0\/1] and\/or <jats:italic>Try. cruzi<\/jats:italic> [0\/1]. Six weeks postinoculation, we measured parasite intensity and several indicators of health or pathology. Tolerance to <jats:italic>Try. cruzi<\/jats:italic> increased in the presence of social conflict and food restriction. Coinfected animals showed reduced tolerance compared to mono\u2010infected. However, food\u2010restricted mono\u2010infected rats had lower tolerance than other groups. No significant differences were found in resistance to <jats:italic>Try. cruzi<\/jats:italic>. Tolerance to <jats:italic>Tri. spiralis<\/jats:italic> was higher in food\u2010restricted rats and Coinfected rats. Moreover, we found a potential shift in defense strategy: rats that are mono\u2010infected and exposed to social conflict may be more resistant but less tolerant to <jats:italic>Tri. spiralis<\/jats:italic> than all other experimental groups. Overall, our findings highlight that defense strategies are context\u2010dependent in the nematode\u2010protozoan infection model studied, and provide evidence of a shift in the defense strategy to accommodate during environmental challenges. Given that rodents play a key role as reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens, understanding the range and variability of defense strategies in these animals is of utmost importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T12:22:37Z","timestamp":1737375757000},"page":"438-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Environmental Challenges and Co\u2010Infection Modulate Resistance and Tolerance Against <i>Trypanosoma Cruzi<\/i> and <i>Trichinella Spiralis<\/i> in Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"343","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3890-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cintia C.","family":"Palavecino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ecolog\u00eda de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET LITORAL) Universidad Nacional del Litoral \u2010 CONICET 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