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Insufficient nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in TI\/RI can result in endothelial dysfunction, as the vascular endothelium fails to produce sufficient NO to sustain appropriate vasodilation and blood perfusion. Many studies have found that NO plays an important role in the I\/RI and its increase or decrease can affect the progression and outcome of I\/RI. However, the role of NO in I\/RI is controversial and complicated. NO derived by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) shows a protective role in I\/RI, while excessive NO derived by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) accelerates inflammation and increases oxidative stress, further aggravating I\/RI. Nevertheless, the overexpression of eNOS may exacerbate I\/RI. Here we try to investigate the new progress in the understanding of the roles of NO during I\/RI. This study examined the interplay between cytotoxic and cytoprotective mechanisms underpinning NO produced from L\u2010citrulline (L\u2010Cit) on TI\/R injured rats. Thirty\u2010two adult Sprague\u2010Dawley albino rats were equally randomized into the following groups: normal control group, sham group, TI\/R group (3\u2009h\/4\u2009h), and TI\/R\u2009+\u2009L\u2010Cit group (600\u2009mg\/kg) orally at 1\u2009h before reperfusion. Compared to the TI\/R\u2010operated group, the injection of L\u2010Cit markedly enhanced serum concentrations of reproductive hormones (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Elevated SOD, CAT, and GPx activity, along with reduced MDA and NO concentrations, indicated a diminished oxidative stress. The testicular levels of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, caspase\u20103, BAX, eNOS, iNOS, and NF\u2010\u03baB p65 were markedly reduced. Histopathological analysis corroborated the protective effect of L\u2010Cit. The findings confirmed molecular models, demonstrating that L\u2010Cit inhibited eNOS, iNOS, and IKK\u03b2. The results showed that giving torsioned rats NO made from L\u2010Cit protected them against hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in I\/RI. This makes L\u2010Cit even more important for protecting against tissue I\/RI during surgery. L\u2010Cit not only promoted NO synthesis through eNOS activation, but it also facilitated the neutralization of iNOS production and its pathogenic NO levels during the reperfusion phase in I\/R\u2010injured rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T03:42:28Z","timestamp":1741750948000},"page":"590-607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["L\u2010Citrulline Alleviates Testicular Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Modulating eNOS\/iNOS Induced Nitric Oxide Production, Inflammation, and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"343","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8518-7641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman M.","family":"Embaby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University Mansoura 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