{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T21:43:47Z","timestamp":1753739027578},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]],"date-time":"2008-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1206921600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Exp. Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is well established that several wild aquatic bird species serve as reservoirs for the influenza A virus. It has also been shown that the influenza A virus can be transmitted to mammalian species such as tigers and domestic cats and dogs through ingestion of infected birds. Another group of animals that should also be considered as potential hosts for the influenza A virus are the crocodilians. Many crocodilian species share aquatic environments with wild birds that are known to harbor influenza viruses. In addition, many large crocodilians utilize birds as a significant food source. Given these factors in addition to the close taxonomic proximity of aves to the crocodilians, it is feasible to ask whether crocodilian species may also harbor the influenza A virus. Here we analyzed 37 captive crocodilians from two locations in Florida (plus 5 wild bird fecal\u2010samples from their habitat) to detect the presence of influenza A virus. Several sample types were examined. Real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR tests targeting the influenza A matrix gene were positive for four individual crocodilians\u2014<jats:italic>Alligator sinensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Paleosuchus trigonatus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Caiman latirostris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Crocodylus niloticus<\/jats:italic>. Of the seven serum samples tested with the avian influenza virus agar gel immunodiffusion assay, three showed a nonspecific reaction to the avian influenza virus antigen\u2014<jats:italic>A. sinensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P. trigonatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. niloticus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. latirostris<\/jats:italic> was not tested). Viable virus could not be recovered from RT\u2010PCR\u2010positive samples, although this is consistent with previous attempts at viral isolation in embryonated chicken eggs with crocodilian viruses. <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. 309A:571\u2013580, 2008<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]],"date-time":"2008-03-31T19:16:19Z","timestamp":1206990979000},"page":"571-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Do crocodilians get the flu? Looking for influenza A in captive crocodilians"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309A","author":[{"given":"Lisa Marie","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Spackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-31.2.179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00639-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Studies on Japanese encephalitis virus infection of reptiles. II Roles of lizards on hibernation of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"53","author":"Doi R","year":"1983","journal-title":"Jpn J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1656\/1528-7092(2004)003[0381:TAAAAP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Birds as prey of American alligators","author":"Gabrey SW","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Crocodilian biology and evolution","author":"Grigg G","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.49.4.914-919.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"HuchzermeyerFW.2000.Biosecurity and the prevention of stress\u2010mediated immune suppression on crocodile farms. In: Crocodiles; Proceedings of the 15th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group IUCN\u2014World Conservation Union. IUCN Gland Switzerland. p102\u2013108."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996561.0000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.1.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.1.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040264"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"The lake frog (Rana ridibunda)\u2014one of the food hosts of blood\u2010sucking mosquitoes in Tadzhikistan\u2014a reservoir of the West Nile fever virus","volume":"3","author":"Kostiukov MA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Med Parazitol (Mosk)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2004.4.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"297","volume-title":"Crocodilian biology and evolution","author":"Lance VA","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822004000300002","article-title":"Influenza in heterothermic animals","volume":"37","author":"Mancini DA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.030085"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"NevarezJG.2007.Lymphohistiocytic proliferative syndrome of alligators (Alligator mississippiensis): a cutaneous manifestation of West Nile virus. PhD dissertation. Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"West Nile virus in alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, ranches from Louisiana","volume":"15","author":"Nevarez JG","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Herp Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Crocodiles and alligators","author":"Pooley AC","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1589250"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051396"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1591427"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1591428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.020816"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Crocodiles and alligators","author":"Sues H","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"150","volume-title":"A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens","author":"Swayne DE","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Influenza infections in mammals","volume":"119","author":"Vahlenkamp T","year":"2006","journal-title":"Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1303.061130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(78)90247-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10156"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjez.454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.454","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T03:39:45Z","timestamp":1694576385000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jez.454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jez.454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.454","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-5223","1932-5231"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-5223","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-5231","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]]}}}