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Stereophotogrammetry is extremely powerful if bi\u2010planar fluoroscopy is available, yet implantation of three radio\u2010opaque markers in each segment of interest may be impractical. Herein we introduce scientific rotoscoping (SR), a new method of motion analysis that uses articulated bone models to simultaneously animate and quantify moving skeletons without markers. The three\u2010step process is described using examples from our work on pigeon flight and alligator walking. First, the experimental scene is reconstructed in 3\u2010D using commercial animation software so that frames of undistorted fluoroscopic and standard video can be viewed in their correct spatial context through calibrated virtual cameras. Second, polygonal models of relevant bones are created from CT or laser scans and rearticulated into a hierarchical marionette controlled by virtual joints. Third, the marionette is registered to video images by adjusting each of its degrees of freedom over a sequence of frames. SR outputs high\u2010resolution 3\u2010D kinematic data for multiple, unmarked bones and anatomically accurate animations that can be rendered from any perspective. Rather than generating moving stick figures abstracted from the coordinates of independent surface points, SR is a morphology\u2010based method of motion analysis deeply rooted in osteological and arthrological data.<jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. 313A:244\u2013261, 2010<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,18]],"date-time":"2010-01-18T17:17:53Z","timestamp":1263835073000},"page":"244-261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Scientific rotoscoping: a morphology\u2010based method of 3\u2010D motion analysis and visualization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"313A","author":[{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Gatesy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Baier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farish A.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth 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