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Focused on free\u2010living female tree swallows (<jats:italic>Tachycineta bicolor<\/jats:italic>), we measured temporal variation in ovarian expression of genes involved in the regulation of telomere length. Using qPCR, we quantified mRNA abundance of shelterin proteins (TERF1, TERF2, TERF2IP, TPP1, POT1), telomerase (TERT), antioxidants (SOD1, PRDX\u20101, GPX), and glucocorticoid receptors (MR, GR). We asked how they differ across breeding stages and social environments, and then we assessed effects on gene co\u2010expression, which reflects coordinated changes across this network of interacting genes. We hypothesized that maintenance of telomeres is upregulated and more strongly coregulated in the lead up to reproduction, i.e., before egg\u2010laying and following a social challenge. We did not find a main effect of environmental context on mRNA abundance, but we did detect subtle differences in gene co\u2010expression networks. Females exhibited stronger coregulation among shelterin proteins and stronger crosstalk with glucocorticoid receptors during incubation. In response to a conspecific challenger, coregulation of antioxidants with shelterin and glucocorticoid receptors was weaker or more negatively correlated, suggesting semi\u2010independent social modulation of these telomere regulatory networks. While the consequences of these transcriptional differences require more research, our results suggest that the environment could contribute to protection of the ovary, including its telomeres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T10:28:06Z","timestamp":1751452086000},"page":"893-904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Telomere\u2010Related Gene Networks in the Ovary Shift Across Environmental Factors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"343","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2620-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Indiana University. 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