{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T16:43:45Z","timestamp":1762879425976,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Artificially reared ostriches face susceptibility to stress, infections, with mortality rates reaching 40% during the brooding phase. The thymus serves as a vital central and lymphoid immune organ, pivotal in combating external antigenic challenges and aiding in T lymphocyte differentiation. This study aims to investigate the distribution and changes of IL\u201021 in the thymus of African ostrich chicks, offering a morphological foundation for immune modulation and disease prevention in African ostriches. The current study utilized healthy African ostrich chicks aged 1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days as experimental cohorts. Paraffin sectioning and immunohistochemical techniques were employed to investigate the morphological characteristics, distribution, and development change patterns of interleukin\u201021 (IL\u201021) immunopositive cells in the thymus of ostrich chicks. The results revealed that IL\u201021 immunopositive (IL\u201021\u2010ip) cells exhibited a round or oval shape and were predominantly situated in the thymic medulla, with some presence in the cortex and at the corticomedullary junction. The expression intensity of IL\u201021 in the thymus and the density of positive cells exhibited a gradual increase followed by a decrease as the chicks aged. Both the expression intensity and the quantity of positive cells peaked at 75 days old. These results suggest a potential significant role for IL\u201021 in regulating thymic development in African ostriches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.70025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1754644480000},"page":"1121-1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution and Age\u2010Related Changes of IL\u201021 Immunopositive Cells in the Thymus of Ostrich Chicks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"343","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8087-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University Xinyang Henan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shibin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University Xinyang Henan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University Xinyang Henan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuhai","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University Xinyang Henan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University Xinyang Henan China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73809-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11070985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36303\/JSAVA.128"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"955","article-title":"Developmental Changes of Thymus in African Ostrich Chicks","volume":"34","author":"Chen M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.700603"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2012.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.104465"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800743"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.70217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-021-09792-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxt026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35040504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.72.5.856"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230600978458"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-7288-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1443910"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Morphological Characterization of the Immune Organs in Ostrich Chicks","volume":"36","author":"Song H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.157015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-017-0490-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1441-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Ostriches: A Deep Dive Into Pathological and Microbiological Investigation","volume":"86","author":"Zaki R. 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