{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T10:03:59Z","timestamp":1781172239276,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Microplastics (MPs) originating from synthetic polymers can act as vectors for harmful microorganisms and pollutants, exacerbating ecological risks.\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , commonly found in seawater, is a major opportunistic pathogen causing vibriosis in marine fish. MPs and pathogenic bacteria such as\n                    <jats:italic>V. harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    have increasingly been recognized as co\u2010contaminants in marine environments. This study investigated the physiological responses of the big\u2010belly seahorse\n                    <jats:italic>Hippocampus abdominalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposed to MPs and\n                    <jats:italic>V. harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , both individually and in combination. Seahorses were exposed to small (0.2\u2009\u03bcm) and large (1.0\u2009\u03bcm) polystyrene MPs (50 beads\/L) and\n                    <jats:italic>V. harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u00b3\u2009CFU\/mL) for 4 days under controlled conditions. Biochemical parameters and molecular analyses were conducted to assess hepatic function, immune regulation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis\u2010related responses. MP exposure promoted\n                    <jats:italic>V. harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    proliferation within seahorse tissues, with higher bacterial copy numbers in the kidney than in the liver, indicating the kidney's active immune role. Plasma biochemical indices (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and glucose) and immune\u2010related genes, including\n                    <jats:italic>lysozyme G, interferon regulatory factor 8<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>interleukin 10<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were significantly elevated in co\u2010exposure groups compared with individual exposures. Expression of\n                    <jats:italic>heat shock protein 75<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>caspase 8<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also upregulated, suggesting enhanced oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways. These findings indicate that MPs and\n                    <jats:italic>V. harveyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    exert synergistic physiological stress, disrupting immune homeostasis and promoting apoptosis in seahorses. This study provides mechanistic insights into combined MP\u2010pathogen toxicity and establishes the big\u2010belly seahorse as a sensitive bioindicator for complex marine pollution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.70089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T04:21:47Z","timestamp":1776054107000},"page":"554-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synergistic Impacts of Co\u2010Exposure to Microplastics and\n                    <i>Vibrio harveyi<\/i>\n                    on the Immune and Stress Responses of the Big\u2010Belly Seahorse\n                    <i>Hippocampus abdominalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"345","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2544-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin A","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology Korea Maritime and Ocean University Busan Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min\u2010Min","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subtropical Fisheries Research Institute National Institute of Fisheries Science Jeju Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Don","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology Korea Maritime and Ocean University Busan Korea"},{"name":"Division of Marine BioScience Korea Maritime and Ocean University Busan Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1602-3752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun\u2010Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Life Medicine Jeju National University Jeju Korea"},{"name":"Department of Marine Life Science Jeju National University Jeju Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3067-1142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheol Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology Korea Maritime and Ocean University Busan Korea"},{"name":"Division of Marine BioScience Korea Maritime and Ocean University Busan Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2025.1.20240052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2006.01989.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banihashemi E. 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