{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:10:52Z","timestamp":1788779452419,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt A"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although large oil spills cause intense ecological damage and receive heavy media and research attention, small spills occur much more frequently and have ecological consequences. Currently, assessment of damage to wildlife after oil spills of any magnitude primarily involves carcass counts and observation of individuals with visible oiling. Such methods do not account for sublethal or non\u2010visible oil exposures that accompany the consumption of contaminated prey or soils. Recent research demonstrates that mild oil exposure can affect time\u2010energy budgeting in birds, as they alter foraging and preening time, and metabolic rates. There is a need to understand how both frequency and length of exposure (duration) to oil spills interact with mechanisms of lethality and sublethality to affect population declines and recoveries. We developed a dynamic energy budget individual\u2010based model to represent a generalized altricial bird and simulate the outcomes of various oiling scenarios. The models revealed that sublethal effects of oil exposure are important to population decline and recovery because they altered trajectories of population recovery through reduced fecundity and embryo survival. Our models also indicate that small oil spills can have significant effects on populations, particularly when spills occur frequently or persist in the environment. Our findings agree with empirical studies showing that sublethal effects of oil exposure in birds are important to population dynamics and indicate that frequent or long\u2010lasting small spills can have significant effects on populations. Minimizing frequency and prioritizing expeditious clean\u2010up of all, including small, spills could result in better conservation outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.70121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T10:56:26Z","timestamp":1785754586000},"page":"871-886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sublethal Effects of Crude Oil Exposure Alter Population\u2010Level Responses in an Individual Based Model of a Passerine Bird"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"345","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2422-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxwell D.","family":"Carnes\u2010Mason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah E.","family":"DuRant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jullianna","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3896-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Goodchild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Central Oklahoma Edmond Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01685849"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-9351(80)90143-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es2013227"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biu124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biu124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1675\/063.047.0305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Boldrini J. L.2017. A Mathematical Model for Thermoregulation in Endotherms Including Heat Transport by Blood Flow and Evaporation by the Respiratory Tract. InEncontro de Biomatem\u00e1tica (1.: 2017: Campinas SP)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2012.01813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2011.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4537"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. n.d. U.S. Department of the Interior.https:\/\/www.boem.gov\/environment\/how-boem-calculates-oil-spill-risk."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1369935"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620170623"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c04668"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2915"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620180317"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06406-190226"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Chang W.2025.R6: Encapsulated Classes With Reference Semantics. R package version 2.6.1.https:\/\/github.com\/r-lib\/R6 https:\/\/r6.r-lib.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/13.1.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-6513(90)90074-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Programmatic Damage Assessment and Restoration Plan and Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement","author":"Deepwater Horizon Natural Resource Damage Assessment Trustees","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1366265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps241271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3983"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.12.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.576"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10406026.2010.521480"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1897\/08-029.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"Energetics and Avian Behavior","author":"Gavrilov V. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2005.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps241287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/707920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4280"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13539"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1992.0103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287397909529793"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity of Environmental Contaminants to Bird Eggs","volume":"115","author":"Hoffman D. J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Continuation of Residue Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the Ecological Consequences of Crude Oil Spills on Bird Communities in an Afrotropical Landscape","volume":"26","author":"Iniunam I. A.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental and Sustainabiliity Indicators"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/102.4.723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"ITOPF Oil Tanker Spill Statistics.2023.https:\/\/www.itopf.org\/fileadmin\/uploads\/itopf\/data\/Documents\/Company_Lit\/Oil_Tanker_Spill_Statistics_2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1398.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01064410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.166124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es0300564?ref=article_openPDF"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03899"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Energy Responses of Birds to Their Thermal Environments","volume":"81","author":"Kendeigh S. C.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(79)90399-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142834"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/a93-008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.66.6.30163748"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/101.3.584"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2024-0148"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.158220"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-013-1049-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z73-005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05317.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Oil Spills.https:\/\/www.noaa.gov\/education\/resource-collections\/ocean-coasts\/oil-spills."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP19869S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2009.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","first-page":"759","article-title":"Population, Reproduction, and Foraging of Pigeon Guillemots at Naked Island, Alaska, before and After the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill","volume":"18","author":"Oakley K. L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1521078"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2006.01035.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","first-page":"712","volume-title":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","author":"Piatt J. F.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","unstructured":"Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). n.d. U.S. Department of Transportation.https:\/\/www.phmsa.dot.gov\/data-and-statistics\/pipeline\/source-data."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.06.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00206-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.71679"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01941"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","first-page":"188","article-title":"Impact of Age of Crude Oil Spillage on Arthropod Diversity at Varied Soil Depths in Part of Niger Delta, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Rotimi J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nigerian J. Life Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","first-page":"748","article-title":"Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill on the Black Oystercatcher: Proceedings of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Symposium","volume":"18","author":"Sharp B. E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Fisheries Society Symposium"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2009.01646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620191216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1368759"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/STP19877S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icae045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.111576"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.69.5.30164256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","unstructured":"Withers P. andP. C.Withers 1992. Comparative Animal Physiology."}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological and Integrative Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.70121","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jez.70121","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.70121","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:33:38Z","timestamp":1788777218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jez.70121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jez.70121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.70121","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-5638","2471-5646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-5638","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-5646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}