{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T16:26:05Z","timestamp":1777739165102,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]],"date-time":"2008-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1224547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present analysis consists of (1) description of the primary chondrification patterns and their transformation into ossified elements in the basipodium of <jats:italic>Struthio camelus;<\/jats:italic> (2) comparison of these with the conditions found in <jats:italic>Alligator<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Gallus;<\/jats:italic> and (3) interpretation of the autopodial elements of <jats:italic>Archaeopteryx<\/jats:italic>. Conclusions: (1) The existence of five discrete metacarpal condensations in the 16\u2010day embryo of <jats:italic>Struthio<\/jats:italic> argues for unique linear patterning process for each, and these are interpreted as digits 2,3,4 originating from metacarpal condensations 2,3,4. Nine chondrogenic foci appear in the <jats:italic>Struthio<\/jats:italic> carpus: radiale, centrale, intermedium, ulnare, pseudoulnare, pisiform, distal carpal 2+3, distal carpal 4, and distal carpal 5. It is evident that: (a) the avian \u201cradiale\u201d represents fused chondrogenic foci of the intermedium plus the radiale; (b) a neomorph carpal element, the pseudoulnare (probably avian autapomorphy), replaces the ulnare cartilage in <jats:italic>Struthio<\/jats:italic>; (c) the pseudoulnare in <jats:italic>Struthio<\/jats:italic> and Hinchliffe's element \u201cX\u201d are not identical to each other. (2) Spatio\u2010temporal conditions of the autopodium are less constrained in the development of <jats:italic>Struthio<\/jats:italic> than they are in <jats:italic>Gallus<\/jats:italic>. This favors the ostrich model as the more appropriate for interpretation of the autopodial skeleton in the oldest birds and their ancestors. (3) An interpretation of the elements of the hand skeleton of <jats:italic>Archaeopteryx<\/jats:italic> is as follows: (a) digits 2,3,4; (b) distal carpal 2+3 (the semilunate); (c) distal carpal 4 (a missing element filling the gap between the semilunate and metacarpal IV); (d) the radiale+intermedium complex (the proximal carpal bone); (e) the pseudoulnare (the proximal carpal bone). <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:30\u201341, 2009<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]],"date-time":"2008-10-21T19:10:23Z","timestamp":1224616223000},"page":"30-41","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Primary chondrification foci in the wing basipodium of <i>Struthio camelus<\/i> with comments on interpretation of autopodial elements in Crocodilia and Aves"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"312B","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Kundr\u00e1t","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Nomina anatomica avium","author":"Baumel JE","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"296","volume-title":"The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods","author":"Benton MJ","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051860111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5338.666"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"CuvierG.1824.Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles V (2). 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