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Using 5\u2032\u2010 and 3\u2032\u2010RACE analysis, two cDNA sequences of 1\u2009kb (Cr\u2010gptrp\u20101) and 1.5\u2009kb (Cr\u2010gptrp\u20102) were determined, corresponding to 17.4 and 19.3\u2009kDa proteins, respectively, and a pI of 8.0. In genomic DNA amplifications, we determined that the 5\u2032\u2010UTR of Cr\u2010gptrp\u20102 contains an intron of 621 nucleotides. In addition, we isolated a third gene (Cr\u2010gptrp\u20103) in genomic DNA amplifications that exhibits seven amino acid differences with Cr\u2010gptrp\u20102. Genomic organization of the sequenced crocodilian \u03b2\u2010keratin genes is similar to avian \u03b2\u2010keratin genes. Deduced proteins are rich in glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine, and contain cysteines toward the N\u2010 and C\u2010terminal regions, likely for the formation of disulfide bonds. Prediction of the secondary structure suggests that the central core box of 20 amino acids contains two \u03b2\u2010strands and has 75\u201390% identity with chick \u03b2\u2010keratins. Toward the C\u2010terminus, numerous glycine\u2013glycine\u2013tyrosine and glycine\u2013glycine\u2013leucine repeats are present, which may contribute to making crocodile scales hard. In situ hybridization shows expression of \u03b2\u2010keratin genes in differentiating \u03b2\u2010cells of epidermal transitional layers. Phylogenetic analysis of the available archosaurian and lepidosaurian \u03b2\u2010keratins suggests that feather keratins diversified early from nonfeather keratins, deep in archosaur evolution. However, only the complete knowledge of all crocodilian \u03b2\u2010keratins will confirm whether feather keratins have an origin independent of those in bird scales, which preceded the split between birds and crocodiles. <jats:italic>J Exp Zool (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:42\u201357, 2009<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,21]],"date-time":"2008-10-21T19:10:17Z","timestamp":1224616217000},"page":"42-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["\u03b2\u2010keratins of the crocodilian epidermis: composition, structure, and phylogenetic relationships"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"312B","author":[{"given":"Luisa","family":"Dalla 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