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In crocodylians, lepidosaurs, and nontherian synapsids (monotremes and their ancestors) this element is identified as the interclavicle, in Testudines (turtles and tortoises) as the entoplastron, and in Aves as the furcula. We investigated embryonic development of the interclavicle in <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic> (American alligator) and of the furcula in <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic> (domestic chicken). The interclavicle and furcula are among the first skeletal elements to ossify, beginning at Ferguson stage 19 (<jats:italic>Alligator<\/jats:italic>) and Hamburger and Hamilton stage 33 (<jats:italic>Gallus<\/jats:italic>). Both elements: occupy a similar mid\u2010ventral position within the pectoral apparatus; develop from paired (bilateral) cell condensations; never coexist at anytime during ontogeny or in the adult; and undergo intramembranous (i.e., direct) ossification. For both the interclavicle and the furcula, the initial onset of ossification is concomitant with mineralization of elements of the dermatocranium, and occurs in advance of mineralization of the replacement bones (e.g., scapula, metacoracoid) of the pectoral apparatus. Shortly after the initiation of ossification the paired condensations of both elements fuse. For each of <jats:italic>Alligator<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Gallus<\/jats:italic>, only one pair of skeletogenic condensations is present during embryonic development. Based on these data and a review of the evolution and development of dermal elements in the pectoral apparatus, we conclude that the interclavicle is equally parsimonious as a homolog of the furcula. <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:196\u2013207, 2010<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,22]],"date-time":"2009-10-22T13:07:04Z","timestamp":1256216824000},"page":"196-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Comparative development of the crocodylian interclavicle and avian furcula, with comments on the homology of dermal elements in the pectoral apparatus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"314B","author":[{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Vickaryous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian K.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"L'Histoire de la Nature des Oyseaux, avec leurs descriptions, & naifs portrai\u00eat retirez du naturel","author":"Belon P","year":"1555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0489"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"The homology concept: its philosophical foundation and practical methodology","volume":"32","author":"Bock WJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bonn Zool Beitr"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"620","article-title":"Brustbein und Schultergurtelenwicklung bei einigen Lacertilien","volume":"110","author":"Bogoljubsky S","year":"1914","journal-title":"Z Wiss Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0080456800035201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1993.10011499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Vertebrate paleontology","author":"Carroll RL","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Fins into limbs: evolution, development, and transformation","author":"Carroll RL","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2754\/avb199564020139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"1529","article-title":"On the nature of the plastron anterior elements in turtles","volume":"63","author":"Cherepanov GO","year":"1984","journal-title":"Zool Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.30906\/1026-2296-1997-4-2-155-162","article-title":"The origin of the bony shell of turtles: a unique evolutionary model in reptiles","volume":"4","author":"Cherepanov GO","year":"1997","journal-title":"Russ J Herpetol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1998.10011085"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1996.10011341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Gaining ground","author":"Clack JA","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Fins into limbs: evolution, development, and transformation","author":"Coates M","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2004.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001120209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","unstructured":"CooperMR.1981.The prosauropod dinosaurMassospondylus carinatusOwen from Zimbabwe: its biology mode of life and phylogenetic significance. 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