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To better understand the situation in smaller species, we analyzed placental development in a spiny rat, <jats:italic>Thrichomys laurentinus<\/jats:italic>. Fourteen individuals ranging from early implantation to near term were investigated by histology, immunohistochemistry, proliferation activity and electron microscopy. Placentation in <jats:italic>Thrichomys<\/jats:italic> revealed major parallels to the guinea pig and other hystricognath rodents with respect to the early and invasive implantation, the process of trophoblast invasion, the internal organization of the labyrinth and the trophospongium as well as the establishment of the complete inverted yolk sac placenta. In contrast to systematically related small\u2010sized species, the placental regionalization in <jats:italic>Thrichomys<\/jats:italic> was characterized by a remarkable lobulated structure and associated growing processes. Reverse to former perspectives, these conditions represented ancient character states of hystricognaths. The subplacenta was temporarily supplied by both the maternal and fetal blood systems, a rare condition among hystricognaths. The extraplacental trophoblast originating from the subplacenta was partly proliferative in mid gestation. In conclusion, the presented results indicated that only minor variations occurred in small\u2010sized hystricognath species, independent of their systematic interrelationships. Previous views were supported that placentation in hystricognaths followed an extraordinary stable pattern, although the group had distinct habitats in South America and Africa that were separated 30\u201340 million years ago. <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 318:13\u201325, 2012<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]],"date-time":"2011-09-06T12:52:09Z","timestamp":1315313529000},"page":"13-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Chorioallantoic and yolk sac placentation in <i>Thrichomys laurentinus<\/i> (Echimyidae) and the evolution of hystricognath rodents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"318B","author":[{"given":"Moacir","family":"Franco de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phelipe Oliveira","family":"Favaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Miglino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea Maria","family":"Mess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Mammalian biology in South America","author":"Alho CJ","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00371-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-3-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000066613"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Guia dos Roedores do Brasil, com chaves para g\u00eaneros baseadas em caracteres externos","author":"Bonvicino CR","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/g05-096"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2005.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21221"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(98)91042-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2007.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-010-0683-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2006.00447.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"311","article-title":"The subplacenta of the guinea pig: an electron microscopic study","volume":"95","author":"Davies J","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Anat (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"The subplacenta of the guinea pig. 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