{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:52:58Z","timestamp":1791553978992,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]],"date-time":"2013-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The interactive effects of contaminants and ultraviolet light (UV)\u2010exposure on the incidence and types of abnormalities observed were measured in newly metamorphosed cane toads (<jats:italic>Rhinella marina<\/jats:italic>) from four Bermuda ponds contaminated with petrochemicals and metals. Abnormalities were compared in toadlets that were field\u2010collected, reared in predator exclusion cages, reared in laboratory microcosms exposed to control media or corresponding pond media, and reared in laboratory microcosms exposed to UV\u2010light and control media or media from two ponds. Percent abnormal for field\u2010collected, cage\u2010reared, and microcosm\u2010reared toadlets were equivalent per site and ranged between 14% and 63%. All treatments produced similar limb abnormalities but the percentage of hind versus forelimb defects was statistically greater only in field\u2010collected toadlets. UV\u2010exposed control media did not induce abnormalities in larvae exhibiting no maternal effect, and did not alter the types of abnormalities observed in larvae exhibiting a maternal or latent effect. Site media treatments without UV exposure induced significant cephalic and limb abnormalities, proved additive to the observed maternal\/latent effect, and produced limb defects predominantly in forelimbs. Concurrent exposure to site media and UV\u2010light induced similar types of abnormalities but a significantly higher percentage of hind limb abnormalities (68\u201389%) than exposure to site media alone (7\u201313%). Our results suggest that the types of abnormalities expressed were principally determined by direct and\/or transgenerational contaminant exposure, but that UV\u2010light exposure caused limb abnormalities to occur primarily in the hind limbs, mirroring field observations. Our field observations also suggest that ectromelia and brachydactyly in some field\u2010collected specimens may be predator\u2010induced. <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B:218\u2013237, 2013<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,22]],"date-time":"2013-03-22T18:45:36Z","timestamp":1363977936000},"page":"218-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Effects of Multiple Chemical, Physical, and Biological Stressors on the Incidence and Types of Abnormalities Observed in Bermuda's Cane Toads (<i>Rhinella marina<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"320","author":[{"given":"JAMIE P.","family":"BACON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bermuda Zoological Society Flatts Bermuda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CHELSEA E.","family":"FORT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Environmental Laboratories Stillwater, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BRIAN","family":"TODHUNTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Environmental Laboratories Stillwater, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL","family":"MATHIS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Environmental Laboratories Stillwater, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DOUGLAS J.","family":"FORT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Environmental Laboratories Stillwater, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Bermuda Biodiversity Country Study","author":"Anderson C","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/157075406775247049"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"BaconJP.2010. 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