{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:27:25Z","timestamp":1781094445740,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]],"date-time":"2013-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>The archosauria consist of two living groups, crocodilians, and birds. Here we compare the structure, expression, and phylogeny of the beta (\u03b2)\u2010keratins in two crocodilian genomes and two avian genomes to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of the feather \u03b2\u2010keratins. Unlike squamates such as the green anole with 40 \u03b2\u2010keratins in its genome, the chicken and zebra finch genomes have over 100 \u03b2\u2010keratin genes in their genomes, while the American alligator has 20 \u03b2\u2010keratin genes, and the saltwater crocodile has 21 \u03b2\u2010keratin genes. The crocodilian \u03b2\u2010keratins are similar to those of birds and these structural proteins have a central filament domain and N\u2010 and C\u2010termini, which contribute to the matrix material between the twisted \u03b2\u2010sheets, which form the 2\u20133\u2009nm filament. Overall the expression of alligator \u03b2\u2010keratin genes in the integument increases during development. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that a crocodilian \u03b2\u2010keratin clade forms a monophyletic group with the avian scale and feather \u03b2\u2010keratins, suggesting that avian scale and feather \u03b2\u2010keratins along with a subset of crocodilian \u03b2\u2010keratins evolved from a common ancestral gene\/s. Overall, our analyses support the view that the epidermal appendages of basal archosaurs used a diverse array of \u03b2\u2010keratins, which evolved into crocodilian and avian specific clades. In birds, the scale and feather subfamilies appear to have evolved independently in the avian lineage from a subset of archosaurian claw \u03b2\u2010keratins. The expansion of the avian specific feather \u03b2\u2010keratin genes accompanied the diversification of birds and the evolution of feathers. <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B: 393\u2013405, 2013<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]],"date-time":"2013-06-06T13:34:06Z","timestamp":1370525646000},"page":"393-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Molecular evolution and expression of archosaurian \u03b2\u2010keratins: Diversification and expansion of archosaurian \u03b2\u2010keratins and the origin of feather \u03b2\u2010keratins"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"320","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Greenwold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger H.","family":"Sawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys078"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.10145"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2002.00075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proghi.2008.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401740211"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Differentiation of the embryonic skin of the chicken [PhD Thesis]","author":"Barnes GL","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402000206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-10-65"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2012.0331"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2010.1163"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"581","volume-title":"Pattern formation","author":"Dhouailly D","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.01041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"329","volume-title":"Biology of the reptilia","author":"Ferguson MJ","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"FraserRDB MacRaeTP.1976. 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