{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:25:27Z","timestamp":1792085127198,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Exp Zool Pt B"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The now widespread use of non\u2010destructive X\u2010ray computed tomography (CT) and micro\u2010CT (\u00b5CT) has greatly augmented our ability to comprehensively detail and quantify the internal hard\u2010tissue anatomy of vertebrates. However, the utility of X\u2010ray imaging for gaining similar insights into vertebrate soft\u2010tissue anatomy has yet to be fully realized due to the naturally low X\u2010ray absorption of non\u2010mineralized tissues. In this study, we show how a wide diversity of soft\u2010tissue structures within the vertebrate head\u2014including muscles, glands, fat deposits, perichondria, dural venous sinuses, white and gray matter of the brain, as well as cranial nerves and associated ganglia\u2014can be rapidly visualized in their natural relationships with extraordinary levels of detail using iodine\u2010enhanced (i\u2010e) \u00b5CT imaging. To date, Lugol's iodine solution (I\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      KI) has been used as a contrast agent for \u00b5CT imaging of small invertebrates, vertebrate embryos, and certain isolated parts of larger, post\u2010embryonic vertebrates. These previous studies have all yielded promising results, but visualization of soft tissues in smaller invertebrate and embryonic vertebrate specimens has generally been more complete than that for larger, post\u2010embryonic vertebrates. Our research builds on these previous studies by using high\u2010energy \u00b5CT together with more highly concentrated I\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      KI solutions and longer staining times to optimize the imaging and differentiation of soft tissues within the heads of post\u2010embryonic archosaurs (\n                      <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Dromaius novaehollandiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). We systematically quantify the intensities of tissue staining, demonstrate the range of anatomical structures that can be visualized, and generate a partial three\u2010dimensional reconstruction of alligator cephalic soft\u2010tissue anatomy.\n                      <jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 322B: 166\u2013176, 2014<\/jats:italic>\n                      . \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]],"date-time":"2014-01-30T07:35:58Z","timestamp":1391067358000},"page":"166-176","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":198,"title":["Iodine\u2010enhanced micro\u2010CT imaging: Methodological refinements for the study of the soft\u2010tissue anatomy of post\u2010embryonic vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"322","author":[{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Gignac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences Tulsa Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Kley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"A staining method for gross dissection of vertebrate muscles","volume":"30","author":"Bock WJ","year":"1972","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.589","article-title":"X\u2010ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM): precision, accuracy and applications in comparative biomechanics research","volume":"313","author":"Brainerd EL","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21381"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01436.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.918482"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.263.4261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3374\/014.053.0101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22666"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"GignacPM.2010. Biomechanics and the ontogeny of feeding in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis): reconciling factors contributing to intraspecific niche differentiation in a large\u2010bodied vertebrate [Ph.D. dissertation]. Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA p 184."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Statistical simulation: power method polynomials and other transformations","author":"Headrick TC","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-9-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.21857"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.0863"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jmi.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35059070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.1999.00204.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052110207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035299"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20187"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024935"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(95)80008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12068"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/430619a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"3\u2010D visualization of the brain and ear regions of birds, crocodiles, and nonavian dinosaurs","author":"Witmer LM","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjez.b.22561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jez.b.22561","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T15:49:37Z","timestamp":1716479377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jez.b.22561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jez.b.22561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.b.22561","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1552-5007","1552-5015"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1552-5007","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-5015","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,30]]}}}