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Moreover, changes in BMP4\u2010signaling have previously been implicated in evolutionary tooth loss in Aves. Here we demonstrate that<jats:italic>Bmp4, Msx1<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Msx2<\/jats:italic>expression is limited proximally in the red\u2010eared slider turtle (<jats:italic>Trachemys scripta<\/jats:italic>) mandible at stages equivalent to those at which odontogenesis is initiated in mice, a similar finding to previously reported results in chicks. To address whether the limited domains in the turtle and the chicken indicate an evolutionary molecular parallelism, or whether the domains simply constitute an ancestral phenotype, we assessed gene expression in a toothed reptile (the American alligator,<jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>) and a toothed non\u2010placental mammal (the gray short\u2010tailed opossum,<jats:italic>Monodelphis domestica<\/jats:italic>). We demonstrate that the<jats:italic>Bmp4<\/jats:italic>domain is limited proximally in<jats:italic>M. domestica<\/jats:italic>and that the<jats:italic>Fgf8<\/jats:italic>domain is limited distally in<jats:italic>A. mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>just preceding odontogenesis. Additionally, we show that<jats:italic>Msx1<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Msx2<\/jats:italic>expression patterns in these species differ from those found in mice. Our data suggest that a limited<jats:italic>Bmp4<\/jats:italic>domain does not necessarily correlate with edentulism, and reveal that the initiation of odontogenesis in non\u2010murine amniotes is more complex than previously imagined. Our data also suggest a partially conserved odontogenic program in<jats:italic>T. scripta<\/jats:italic>, as indicated by conserved<jats:italic>Pitx2, Pax9<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>Barx1<\/jats:italic>expression patterns and by the presence of a<jats:italic>Shh<\/jats:italic>\u2010expressing palatal epithelium, which we hypothesize may represent potential dental rudiments based on the Testudinata fossil record.<jats:italic>J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 255\u2013269, 2015<\/jats:italic>. \u00a9 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,13]],"date-time":"2015-02-13T09:38:29Z","timestamp":1423820309000},"page":"255-269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A comparative examination of odontogenic gene expression in both toothed and toothless amniotes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"324","author":[{"given":"Alexis J.","family":"Lainoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline E.","family":"Moustakas\u2010Verho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aki","family":"Kallonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph S.","family":"Marcucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslea J.","family":"Hlusko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0177(199712)210:4<383::AID-AJA3>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Molecular and Cellular Methods in Developmental Toxicology","author":"Albrecht UEG","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.21.4325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1995.0010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21265"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.105924"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.160245097"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(02)00208-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"602","article-title":"Reversing opinions on Dollo's Law","volume":"23","author":"Collin R","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Biology of the Reptilia, vol 14. 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