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However, relatively few studies have attempted to look at subtle differences in staining protocols or attempted to model tissue reactions to gain insight into staining mechanisms. Here, two iodine\u2010based contrast agents, iodine\u2010ethanol (I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>E) and iodine\u2010potassium iodide (I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>KI) in neutral buffered formalin , were applied to avian cephalic specimens to investigate their effectiveness. We found that the two solutions had markedly different results for staining of mineralized skeletal tissues (i.e., bone). Other tissues, including muscles, epithelia, and common connective tissues (e.g., lamina propria) were assessed individually and show minor differences in the sorption of iodine. Numerical simulations suggest that different results from I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>E and I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>KI\u2010formaldehyde staining are due to different partition coefficients and retardation factors of tissues, fixation effects, as well as distinct iodine diffusion and sorption patterns. We found a clear positive relationship between glycogen concentration and grayscale values measured within muscle, epithelia, nervous tissues, and glands. We also found the use of ethanol for tissue fixation and following I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>E staining outperforms I<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>KI\u2010formaldehyde by providing higher efficiency for acquiring greater contrast both between different soft tissues and between mineralized and nonmineralized tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T09:08:58Z","timestamp":1470906538000},"page":"352-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Comparison and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Two Approaches of Diffusible Iodine\u2010Based Contrast\u2010Enhanced Computed Tomography (diceCT) for Avian Cephalic Material"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"326","author":[{"given":"ZHIHENG","family":"LI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences The University of Texas  Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RICHARD A.","family":"KETCHAM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences The University of Texas  Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"FEI","family":"YAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Rice University  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JESSICA A.","family":"MAISANO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences The University of Texas  Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JULIA A.","family":"CLARKE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Sciences The University of Texas  Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"On the harderian gland of the domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchus)","volume":"133","author":"Brobby GW","year":"1972","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927614001329"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Histotechnology A self\u2010instructional text","author":"Carson FL","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.918482"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12449"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.5868"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01944622"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062806"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Theory and practice of histological techniques","author":"Hopwood D","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-417-4:73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Adult reference computational phantoms","volume":"39","author":"ICRP","year":"2009","journal-title":"ICRP Publication 110. 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