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The ovotestis contains ovarian tissue and glandular tissue resembling fetal testicular tissue and can produce androgens. The ovotestis is present in star\u2010nosed and hairy\u2010tailed moles, but not in broad\u2010footed and Japanese shrew moles. Using histology, three\u2010dimensional reconstruction, and morphometric analysis, sexual dimorphism was examined with regard to a nine feature masculine trait score that included perineal appendage length (prepuce), anogenital distance, and presence\/absence of bone. The presence\/absence of ovotestes was discordant in all four mole species for sex differentiation features. For many sex differentiation features, discordance with ovotestes was observed in at least one mole species. The degree of concordance with ovotestes was highest for hairy\u2010tailed moles and lowest for broad\u2010footed moles. In relationship to phylogenetic clade, sex differentiation features also did not correlate with the similarity\/divergence of the features and presence\/absence of ovotestes. Hairy\u2010tailed and Japanese shrew moles reside in separated clades, but they exhibit a high degree of congruence. Broad\u2010footed and hairy\u2010tailed moles reside within the same clade but had one of the lowest correlations in features and presence\/absence of ovotestes. Thus, phylogenetic affinity and the presence\/absence of ovotestes are poor predictors for most sex differentiation features within mole external genitalia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.22732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]],"date-time":"2017-03-02T06:08:44Z","timestamp":1488434924000},"page":"275-294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Morphology of the Penis and Clitoris in Four Species of Moles (Talpidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"328","author":[{"given":"Adriane Watkins","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Glickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology and Integrative Biology University of California  Berkeley California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Shinohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frontier Science Research Center University of Miyazaki  Kihara Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lawrence","family":"Baskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald R.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of California San Francisco  San Francisco 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