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Comparative genomic data indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>ParaHox<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were already present before the cnidarian\u2010bilaterian split. Across metazoans,\n                    <jats:italic>ParaHox<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes often show conserved associations with the anteroposterior body axis and have been implicated in both gut patterning and neural development, although gene complements and genomic organization vary substantially among lineages. To investigate\n                    <jats:italic>ParaHox<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene deployment in Gnathifera, we identified orthologs of\n                    <jats:italic>Gsx<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    across gnathiferan lineages, including Chaetognatha, Monogononta, Bdelloidea, Seisonidea, and Acanthocephala, but found no evidence of\n                    <jats:italic>Xlox<\/jats:italic>\n                    , indicating a reduced\n                    <jats:italic>ParaHox<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene complement. We analyzed the genomic organization and embryonic expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Gsx<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the monogonont rotifer\n                    <jats:italic>Brachionus manjavacas<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Bm<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Genomic mapping revealed a dispersed\n                    <jats:italic>ParaHox<\/jats:italic>\n                    configuration, with\n                    <jats:italic>Bm\u2010Gsx<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Bm\u2010Cdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    separated by 4.4\u2009Mb. Using whole\u2010mount\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization, we detected\n                    <jats:italic>Bm\u2010Gsx<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in neurons of the foot region, as well as in a small number of cells with neuronal characteristics and probable involvement in stomatogastric system development.\n                    <jats:italic>Bm\u2010Cdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    was expressed in FMRFamide\u2010positive cells associated with the bladder, consistent with a neuroepithelial identity. Together, these data indicate that in rotifers,\n                    <jats:italic>ParaHox<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression is predominantly associated with neural structures. We propose that this pattern represents a derived condition reflecting the compact body plan and reduced gut organization characteristic of rotifers, highlighting the evolutionary flexibility of\n                    <jats:italic>ParaHox<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene deployment under lineage\u2010specific developmental constraints.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T05:33:42Z","timestamp":1773639222000},"page":"357-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ParaHox Genes Revisited: From Gut Patterning to Integrated Axial and Neural Organization in Rotifera"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"346","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0343-6067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas C.","family":"Fr\u00f6bius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for 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Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004350050028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.9.2181"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13227-019-0146-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-68"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.07.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.22839"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510461112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evy170"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/31933"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/376479a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modgep.2004.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004231"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Microscopic 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