{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T09:48:23Z","timestamp":1756460903935,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Foot and Ankle Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this systematic review is to determine the benefits and harms of heel lifts to any comparator for lower limb musculoskeletal conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid AMED, Ovid EMCARE, CINAHL Plus and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to the end of May 2024. Randomised, quasi\u2010randomised or non\u2010randomised trials comparing heel lifts to any other intervention or no\u2010treatment were eligible for inclusion. Data was extracted for the outcomes of pain, disability\/function, participation, participant rating of overall condition, quality of life, composite measures and adverse events. Two authors independently assessed risk of bias and certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach at the primary time point 12\u00a0weeks (or next closest).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight trials (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0903), investigating mid\u2010portion Achilles tendinopathy, calcaneal apophysitis and plantar heel pain were included. Heel lifts were compared to exercise, ultrasound, cryotherapy orthotics, stretching, footwear, activity modification, felt pads and analgesic medication. No outcome was at low risk of bias and few effects (2 out of 47) were clinically important. Low\u2010certainty evidence (1 trial, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0199) indicates improved pain relief (55.7 points [95% CI: 50.3\u201361.1], on a 100\u00a0mm visual analogue scale) with custom orthotics compared to heel lifts at 12\u00a0weeks for calcaneal apophysitis. Very low\u2010certainty evidence (1 trial, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a062) indicates improved pain and function with heel lifts over indomethacin (35.5 points [95% CI: 21.1\u201349.9], Foot Function Index) at 12\u00a0months for plantar heel pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few trials have assessed the benefits and harms of heel lifts for lower limb musculoskeletal conditions. Only two outcomes out of 47 showed clinically meaningful between group differences. However, due to very low to low certainty evidence we are unable to be confident in the results and the true effect may be substantially different.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>PROSPERO registration number CRD42022309644.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jfa2.12031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T17:08:12Z","timestamp":1718471292000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficacy of heel lifts for lower limb musculoskeletal conditions: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2996-0481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaryd","family":"Bourke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy Department School of Primary and Allied Health Care Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science Monash University  Clayton Victoria 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