{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T12:49:25Z","timestamp":1772801365684,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Foot and Ankle Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically review the evidence for physical (for e.g. strengthening) and mechanical (for e.g. foot orthoses) therapies for lower limb problems in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised clinical trials of physical and mechanical interventions for lower limb problems in children with JIA were included. The primary outcome was pain and secondary outcomes included disability, functional ability, and quality of life. Electronic databases were searched for eligible studies. Authors of included studies and researchers in the field were contacted to identify additional studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two authors independently screened 4876 titles and abstracts. Eleven randomised clinical trials were ultimately included. Four studies explored the effect of foot orthoses and seven physical therapies. Studies evaluating the effect of foot orthoses on foot and ankle pain were pooled in a meta\u2010analysis. Results showed that foot orthoses were statistically and clinically significant in reducing both parent (\u221211.08 [\u221220.25, \u22121.90]) and child (\u221221.45 [\u221230.18, \u221212.73]) reported foot and ankle pain after 3\u00a0months compared to the control. This significant effect was sustained post 3\u00a0months. Physical therapies such as Pilates and underwater exercises were statistically and clinically significant in reducing lower limb pain after 3\u00a0months of intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Foot orthoses can be prescribed to significantly reduce foot and ankle pain for children with JIA. Physical therapies appear to reduce pain during 3\u00a0months of intervention versus the control but are currently hampered by lack of blinding. Further research is also required to determine the effect of physical therapies past 3\u00a0months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jfa2.70096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T05:29:56Z","timestamp":1762320596000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physical and Mechanical Therapies for Lower Limb Problems in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A\u00a0Systematic Review With Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1557-6232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Fellas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"},{"name":"Equity in Health and Wellbeing Research Program Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI)  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Hawke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"},{"name":"Equity in Health and Wellbeing Research Program Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI)  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Maarj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davinder","family":"Singh\u2010Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Children's Hospital Network  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Children's Hospital Network  Randwick Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences Queen Margaret University  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Coda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing The University of Newcastle  Newcastle Australia"},{"name":"Equity in Health and Wellbeing Research Program Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI)  Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010021\u201000332\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969\u2010016\u20100102\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.210101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis\u20102018\u2010213030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13646"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rky039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pep.0b013e31828a2978"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.08.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2020.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/15\u2010213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild\u20102013\u2010305166"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"943","article-title":"Efficacy of Custom Foot Orthotics in Improving Pain and Functional Status in Children With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Randomized Trial","volume":"32","author":"Powell M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kep460"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24839"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12462"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2213476x02666150917174951"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/21.2.237"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","first-page":"2488","article-title":"The Juvenile Arthritis Foot Disability Index: Development and Evaluation of Measurement Properties","volume":"31","author":"Andr\u00e9 M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650\u2010199902000\u201000003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","unstructured":"J. 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