{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:48:46Z","timestamp":1782388126808,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013348","name":"Innosuisse - Schweizerische Agentur f\u00fcr Innovationsf\u00f6rderung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104.374 IP\u2010LS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104.374 IP\u2010LS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Foot and Ankle Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate whether a 3D\u2010printed shoe sole can passively replicate toe\u2010out gait biomechanics and reduce the knee adduction moment (KAM) and knee adduction angular impulse (KAAI), addressing limitations of traditional gait retraining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Custom shoe soles were 3D\u2010printed using gyroid infill structures to create a rotational hind\u2010sole and a variable stiffness fore\u2010sole (\u2018RVS\u2019 shoes). Twenty\u2010one healthy adults completed three baseline gait trials in control shoes, followed by randomised biofeedback\u2010based gait retraining at toe\u2010out angles of 5\u00b0, 10\u00b0 and 15\u00b0. After each retraining session, motion capture was used during overground walking. Participants then walked wearing RVS shoes for three trials. Gait biomechanics were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and multiple linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to baseline, KAM's second peak was significantly reduced after toe\u2010out retraining: 5\u00b0 (13.6%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.002), 10\u00b0 (20.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and 15\u00b0 (31.7%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). RVS shoes alone reduced it by 16.3% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and KAAI by 8.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001)\u2014a reduction not achieved by retraining. Regression analysis showed that changes in KAM were strongly predicted (95%) by knee centre\u2010of\u2010pressure offset and mediolateral ground reaction force.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3D\u2010printed RVS shoes passively replicated or exceeded the biomechanical effects of active toe\u2010out gait retraining, offering a promising, low\u2010effort intervention for managing knee osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jfa2.70174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T03:24:42Z","timestamp":1782185082000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancing Conservative Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: 3D\u2010Printed Shoe Soles for Passive Toe\u2010Out Gait Modification"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ziang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomechanics ETH Z\u00fcrich  Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paciane Bo","family":"Studer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swissbiomechanics AG  Einsiedeln Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Z\u00e4h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swissbiomechanics AG  Einsiedeln Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kryenb\u00fchl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swissbiomechanics AG  Einsiedeln Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Reichenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Bern  Bern 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