{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:57:23Z","timestamp":1791266243296,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Foot and Ankle Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated foot muscle and plantar fascia size measurements and their relationship with static balance dysfunction in stroke patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included 90 stroke patients (3\u201312\u00a0months post\u2010stroke) and 95 healthy controls. Ultrasound imaging quantified thickness and cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) of intrinsic foot muscles (e.g.,\u00a0flexor hallucis brevis), extrinsic foot muscles (e.g.,\u00a0tibialis anterior, peroneus longus), and plantar fascia segments. Force platform measured center\u2010of\u2010pressure (CoP) parameters during 30\u2010s static standing under eyes\u2010open and eyes\u2010closed conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stroke patients exhibited significantly reduced peroneus longus (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01.14,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and tibialis anterior (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.70,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) muscle sizes, reduced flexor hallucis brevis muscle thickness (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.76,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and increased plantar fascia thickness in middle and posterior segments (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.74,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001;\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.71,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). In healthy controls, foot muscle parameters strongly correlated with balance metrics, with flexor hallucis brevis thickness showing significant correlation with mediolateral displacement under eyes\u2010closed conditions (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.52,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). However, no significant correlations between structural parameters and balance metrics were observed in stroke patients after false discovery rate correction, indicating structural\u2010functional dissociation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although stroke patients exhibited mixed size changes in foot\u2010ankle structures, the dissociation between structural changes and balance function suggests that dysfunction is primarily attributable to central nervous system damage rather than to peripheral structural alterations. This implies that rehabilitation should focus on neuromuscular control training rather than on isolated muscle strengthening.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jfa2.70206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T04:43:10Z","timestamp":1788237790000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Foot Muscle Size and Balance in Stroke: Evidence of Structural\u2010Functional Dissociation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3213-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaobin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guirong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat\u2010sen University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977\u20102856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1099843"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.1022910"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102013\u2010092690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2008.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591\u2010023\u201002507\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12082944"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s1973\u20109087.23.07844\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000041507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201095449\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1847646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984\u2010025\u201001624\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/nre\u2010210257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2022.18.3.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/s1973\u20109087.20.06462\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arrct.2022.100215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13047\u2010022\u201000510\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201096878\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121694"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14060595"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.13051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/str.0000000000000211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/phm.0000000000000971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888\u2010021\u201003495\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.19.5.604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883\u2010025\u201004591\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.25836"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743\u20100003\u201011\u201039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702\u2010007\u20100657\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1244657"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010025\u201007168\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00301.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011562"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2021\u20100264"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319955"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24822"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2026.1768036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14341"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2017.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00023.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097\u20104598(200101)24:1<4::aid\u2010mus13>3.0.co;2\u2010f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2014.00239"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.22071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01154.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-as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