{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T07:01:32Z","timestamp":1784012492371,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Genetic Counseling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence suggests that although Black African women have the lowest incidence of breast and ovarian cancer, they have the highest mortality rate and low rates of uptake for cancer screening services for these conditions in the United Kingdom (UK). This study aimed to explore the perceived barriers and facilitators to genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer amongst Black African women in Luton (UK). We conducted a qualitative study that included one face\u2010to\u2010face and five telephone focus group discussions. Consistent with the health belief model, a focus group discussion guide was developed. A total of 24 participants, aged 23\u201357 who self\u2010identified as Black African women and who were English speakers residing in Luton, took part in the focus group discussions. Purposive and snowballing sampling were used to recruit the participants for this study. The focus group discussions were recorded, transcribed per verbatim, coded and analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach, and the findings were classified. Nine themes emerged from the narratives obtained including six barriers and three facilitators. Barriers to genetic testing included (1) Cost and affordability, (2) Lack of knowledge, awareness, and family health history knowledge, (3) Language barrier, immigration, and distrust in western healthcare services, (4) Fear, (5) Cultural, religious, and intergenerational views and perceptions, and (6) Eligibility for genetic testing for the BRCA1\/2 pathogenic variants and a lack of referral to specialist genetic clinics. Facilitators to genetic testing included (7) Availability of tests cost\u2010free under the National Health Service (NHS) (8) Family members' health and (9) Awareness and education on genetic testing. The barriers and facilitators identified could enable policy makers and healthcare services alike to gain a better understanding of the factors influencing Black African women's decision\u2010making process toward genetic testing. Ultimately, this work can inform interventions aiming to increase the uptake of genetic testing among this group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgc4.1742","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T10:59:47Z","timestamp":1688554787000},"page":"425-444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Barriers and facilitators to genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer amongst Black African women in Luton (<scp>UK<\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6194-7095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valencia","family":"Kabeya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Research Centre, Institute for Health Research University of Bedfordshire  Luton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuby","family":"Puthussery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Child Health Research Centre, Institute for Health Research University of Bedfordshire  Luton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Furmanski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187\u2010014\u20100740\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055\u20109965.EPI\u201019\u20100506"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137498052"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913\u2010019\u20104142\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2013.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjx029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010319\u201032564\u20104_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21767\/2049\u20105471.1000113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316654870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"BSGM. (2022).People with rare genetic conditions and coronavirus. The British Society for Genetic Medicine. Retrieved 12\/27\/2022 from Healthcare professionals \u2013 The British Society for Genetic Medicine (bsgm.org.uk)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393615607840"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"CRED. (2021).Commission on race and ethnic disparities. Retrieved December 15 2022 fromhttps:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/974507\/20210331_\u2010_CRED_Report_\u2010_FINAL_\u2010_Web_Accessible.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/jrr003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds091"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"DPA. (2018).The Data Protection Act. Retrieved 11\/14\/2022 fromhttps:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2018\/12\/contents\/enacted"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2008.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687\u2010019\u201000407\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897\u2010007\u20109106\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732310361466"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"Religions of Africa (Africa: Progress & Problems)","author":"Friedenthal L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Confronting hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: Identify your risk, understand your options, change your Destiny","author":"Friedman S.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.632"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"Genetic Alliance. (2009).Understanding Genetics: A New York Mid\u2010Atlantic Guide for Patients and Health Professionals. Retrieved 01\/14\/2023 fromhttps:\/\/geneticalliance.org\/pdf\/publications\/UnderstandingGeneticsNYMA.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Barriers to genetic testing for breast cancer risk among ethnic minority women: An exploratory study","volume":"22","author":"Glenn B. A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethnicity and Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"Gov.UK. (2021).NHS entitlements: migrant health guide. Retrieved 01\/14\/2023 fromhttps:\/\/www.gov.uk\/guidance\/nhs\u2010entitlements\u2010migrant\u2010health\u2010guide"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010017\u20104375\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"Holmes E.(2023).This is Luton. Retrieved June 17 2023 fromhttps:\/\/www.luton.gov.uk\/Community_and_living\/Lists\/LutonDocuments\/PDF\/observatory\/jsna\u2010this\u2010is\u2010Luton.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2014.908984"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"Kapadia D. Zhang J. Salway S. Nazroo J. Booth A. Villarroel\u2010Williams N. B\u00e9cares L. &Esmail A.(2022).Ethnic Inequalities in Healthcare: A Rapid Evidence Review. Retrieved 01\/28\/2023 fromhttps:\/\/www.nhsrho.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/RHO\u2010Rapid\u2010Review\u2010Final\u2010Report_v.7.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/278730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jpm.2012.0583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10110424"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431\u2010020\u201000783\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"Mayhew L. &Warples S.(2011).The growth and changing complexion of Luton's population: a structural analysis and decomposition. Retrieved 11\/30\/2022 from https:\/\/www.luton.gov.uk\/Environment\/Lists\/LutonDocuments\/PDF\/Planning\/Observatory\/Growth%20of%20Luton%20Population.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","unstructured":"Mehta P.(2003).Ethnic Monitoring in Clinical Genetics Project Report. Genetics Interest Group 3 (GIG) (2003) 4. Retrieved 11\/30\/2022 fromhttp:\/\/www.geneticalliance.org.uk\/docs\/final_report3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984287"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morse J. M. Barrett M. Mayan M. Olson K. &Spiers J.(2002).Verification Strategies for Establishing Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/160940690200100202","DOI":"10.1177\/160940690200100202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD). (2022).Health disparity populations. Retrieved 01\/27\/2023 fromhttps:\/\/www.nimhd.nih.gov\/about\/overview\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","unstructured":"NHS. (2015).Clinical Commissioning Policy: Genetic Testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations. Retrieved 01\/27\/2023 from NHS England Report Template 1 \u2013 long length title."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","unstructured":"NICE. (2019).Familial breast cancer: Classification and care of people at risk of familial breast cancer and management of breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer. Retrieved 01\/27\/2023 from Recommendations | Familial breast cancer: classification care and managing breast cancer and related risks in people with a family history of breast cancer | Guidance | NICE."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cks063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","first-page":"287","article-title":"Participatory approaches to assessing the health needs of African\u2010Caribbean communities","volume":"4","author":"Okereke E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diversity in Health and Social Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","unstructured":"ONS. (2022).Ethnic group England and Wales: Census 2021. Retrieved June 17 2023 fromhttps:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/culturalidentity\/ethnicity\/bulletins\/ethnicgroupenglandandwales\/census2021#:~:text=%22White%3A%20Other%20White%22%20( %25%2C%20990%2C000%20in%202011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488\u2010013\u20100528\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","unstructured":"Pender N. Murdaugh C. L. &Parsons M. A.(2006).Health Promotion in Nursing. Retrieved 01\/27\/2023 fromhttps:\/\/nursingnet.tbzmed.ac.ir\/uploads\/user\/29\/ninrn\/1400\/12\/h4.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","volume-title":"Synthesizing qualitative and quantitative health evidence: A guide to methods","author":"Pope C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23406"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","volume-title":"Exploring research, global edition","author":"Salkind N.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2013.1548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.4902"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897\u2010013\u20109663\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102407\u201014\u2010979"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10120514"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113\u2010016\u20109416\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GIM.0b013e3181ab22aa"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00083968.2012.659582"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104365961452624"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058\u2010020\u201000055\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","unstructured":"United Nations. (2021).Standard country or area codes for statistical use(M49). Retrieved 12\/15\/2022 fromhttps:\/\/unstats.un.org\/unsd\/methodology\/m49\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605387"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n229"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0969141319887405"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56673-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Genetic Counseling"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jgc4.1742","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T08:51:40Z","timestamp":1714553500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jgc4.1742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jgc4.1742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgc4.1742","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7700","1573-3599"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-7700","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3599","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}