{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T08:14:12Z","timestamp":1780560852747,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010237","name":"National Society of Genetic Counselors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Genetic Counseling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010invasive prenatal screening provides a risk assessment for aneuploidies by utilizing cell\u2010free DNA (cfDNA). It is recommended that cell\u2010free DNA screening (cfDNA screening) be offered to all pregnant people regardless of a priori risk for aneuploidy. In the absence of an increased risk, alternative motives for electing cfDNA screening and different levels of informed decision making may arise. Therefore, our study aimed to characterize low\u2010risk patients' motivations for cfDNA screening election, determine how often informed decisions are being made, and compare motivations between informed and uninformed decision makers. A survey that included a modified, validated measure of informed choice (MMIC) and questions to assess patients' motivations for cfDNA screening was offered at four MFM clinics following genetic counseling. It was found that 44% of participants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009100) made an uninformed decision about testing. Participants with private insurers were 4.25 times more likely to make an informed decision (95% CI\u2009=\u20091.10\u201316.37). Informed decision makers scored avoiding invasive procedures higher (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007) and ranked doing what family\/friends desire lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005) than uninformed decision makers. While most participants scored receiving information about genetic conditions highest, 12% of participants reported fetal sex disclosure as a priority. However, this was not found to be associated with uninformed decision making. This study ultimately established that following genetic counseling, a low\u2010risk population shared motivations with high\u2010risk populations which highlights the importance of complete pre\u2010test counseling for all. Future research should investigate the effect of modifying variables, such as socioeconomic status, on the performance of informed choice measures and critically evaluate the parameters that determine informed choice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgc4.1921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T03:24:26Z","timestamp":1716434666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non\u2010invasive prenatal screening: Testing motivations and decision making in the low\u2010risk population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-5788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenna K.","family":"Lea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair K.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences McGovern Medical School at UTHealth  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences McGovern Medical School at UTHealth  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed S.","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics McGovern Medical School at UTHealth  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Lunstroth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Center for Humanities &amp; Ethics McGovern Medical School at UTHealth  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9281-8253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meagan G.","family":"Choates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UT MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences McGovern Medical School at UTHealth  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12687\u2010020\u201000498\u2010w\/Published"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038968"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1481033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JBI.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JBI.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2012.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010018\u20102050\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010019\u20102518\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.682980"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.000000000000408"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JGC4.1291"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gim.0000162876.65555.ab"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PEC.2007.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Review of ethical issues in medical genetics report of consultants to WHO","author":"Wertz D. 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