{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:59:03Z","timestamp":1762869543602,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Genetic Counseling"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular condition with complex genetic etiology. About 95% of individuals affected with this condition have a homozygous deletion of the <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic> gene. One scenario that complicates risk is when a parent is identified as a possible silent carrier, meaning they have a [2\u2009+\u20090] chromosome configuration. This configuration occurs when an individual has two copies of the <jats:italic>SMN1<\/jats:italic> gene on one chromosome and no copies on the other chromosome. It is thought that 3.8\u20134.0% of the general population is a [2\u2009+\u20090] carrier with a higher prevalence in African American and Hispanic populations. The [2\u2009+\u20090] configuration makes it more difficult to calculate residual risk because testing cannot determine the difference between [2\u2009+\u20090] carriers and [1\u2009+\u20091] non\u2010carriers, leading to indeterminate SMA carrier screening results. SMA was added to general population carrier screening in 2017, leading to an increase in the number of patients identified to have indeterminate results. Previous research has not examined how this addition has affected counseling practices involving indeterminate results. The purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of the practices and challenges in this area, specifically within non\u2010Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) populations. This study utilized a quantitative survey with open\u2010response questions. Responses from 49 prenatal genetic counselors from the United States and Canada were analyzed and it was found that genetic counselors face similar challenges when counseling indeterminate SMA results across all regions. These include negative patient emotions and both patient and referring provider misunderstanding, as highlighted in the qualitative data. Three major categories emerged including (1) challenges with patients, (2) challenges with referring providers, and (3) the effects of the 2017 addition to general population carrier screening. This study highlights the need for provider education surrounding indeterminate SMA results, the development of a visual aid, and future research from the patient and referring provider perspective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgc4.2017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T09:50:18Z","timestamp":1743673818000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prenatal genetic counseling challenges with indeterminate <scp>SMA<\/scp> results"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3903-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly","family":"Spangenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Godfrey","family":"Hendon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology The University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana H.","family":"Goodloe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fallon","family":"Brewer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guihua","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics The University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgc4.1897"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897\u2010015\u20109859\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897\u2010017\u20100160\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10897\u2010011\u20109403\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41436\u2010021\u201001300\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2013.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap) \u2013 A metadata\u2010driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris P. 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