{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T01:35:47Z","timestamp":1787276147218,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005767","name":"Anna University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005767","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JGH Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Regional differences in gallstone (GS) composition are well documented in the Indian subcontinent. The reasons for the same are unknown. Etiopathogenesis of GS remains elusive despite advances in instrumentation. This was an in\u2010depth analysis of the chemical, structural, and elemental composition of GS with special reference to synchroton studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used high\u2010end sensitive analytical complementary microscopic and spectroscopic methods techniques, such as X\u2010ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, synchrotron X\u2010ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR\u2010XRF), and 2D and 3D synchrotron microtomography (SR\u2010\u03bcCT), to study the ultra structure and trace element composition of three major types of GS (cholesterol, mixed, and pigment). SR\u2010XRF quantified the trace elements in GS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cholesterol GS (monohydrate and anhydrate) were crystalline, with high calcium content. The pigment GS were amorphous, featureless, black, and fragile, with high calcium bilirubinate and carbonate salts. They had the highest concentration of iron (average 31.50\u2009ppm) and copper (average 92.73\u2009ppm), with bacterial inclusion. The mixed stones had features of both cholesterol and pigment GS with intermediate levels of copper (average 20.8 ppm) and iron (average 17.78\u2009ppm).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>SR\u2010\u03bcCT has, for the first time, provided cross\u2010sectional computed imaging delineating the framework of GS and mineral distribution. It provided excellent mapping of cholesterol GS. SR\u2010XRF confirmed that pigment GS had high concentrations of copper and iron with bacterial inclusions, the latter possibly serving as a nidus to the formation of these stones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T13:45:50Z","timestamp":1553867150000},"page":"381-387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Morphological and elemental mapping of gallstones using synchrotron microtomography and synchrotron X\u2010ray fluorescence spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Mohana","family":"Bakthavatchalam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Crystal Growth Centre Anna University  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayanthi","family":"Venkataraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of GI Sciences, Gleneagles Global Hospitals and Health City  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramya J","family":"Ramana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crystal Growth Centre Anna University  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-5167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayank","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of GI Sciences, Gleneagles Global Hospitals and Health City  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balwant","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indus 2 Raja Ramanna Centre for Advance Technology  Indore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arul K","family":"Thanigai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Energy and Biophotonics Lab AMET  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaithiswaran","family":"Velyoudam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of GI Sciences, Gleneagles Global Hospitals and Health City  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Manickam Neethirajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of GI Sciences, Gleneagles Global Hospitals and Health City  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj K","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indus 2 Raja Ramanna Centre for Advance Technology  Indore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish K","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indus 2 Raja Ramanna Centre for Advance Technology  Indore India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narayana S","family":"Kalkura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crystal Growth Centre Anna University  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Regional differences in composition of cholesterol gallstones in India","volume":"3","author":"Ashok M","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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