{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T18:58:52Z","timestamp":1774551532065,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010803","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Government of West Bengal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/MED\/12\/SP17783\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/MED\/12\/SP17783\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JGH Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ (HLA\u2010DQ) genotypes play a permissive role in the genesis of celiac disease (CeD). In this case\u2013control study, we used next\u2010generation sequencing to determine HLA\u2010DQA1 and ~DQB1 genotypes and haplotypes associated with CeD in Indian patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>HLA\u2010DQA1 and ~DQB1 loci were amplified, using long\u2010range polymerase chain reaction (PCR), from DNA of 259 patients with symptomatic CeD (160 typical and 99 atypical), 45 asymptomatic CeD, 96 potential CeD, and 300 healthy adults. Amplicons were fragmented and sequenced on the Illumina platform, and alleles and haplotypes were assigned by matching against the HLA\u2010international ImMunoGeneTics (IMGT) database.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HLA\u2010DQA1*05:01 (odds ratio [OR] 8.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.64\u201312.47) and HLA\u2010DQB1*02:01 (OR 8.59, 95% CI 5.75\u201312.83) were the genotypes that showed a risk association with symptomatic CeD. Among the haplotypes, HLA\u2010DQA1*05:01\u2009~\u2009HLA\u2010DQB1*02:01 (OR 8.56, 95% CI 5.67\u201313.19) showed a strong risk association with symptomatic CeD. When comparing symptomatic CeD with subclinical forms (asymptomatic and potential) CeD, HLA\u2010DQA1*05:01\u2009~\u2009HLA\u2010DQB1*02:01 (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.61\u20133.43) was significantly associated with risk of symptomatic disease. The strength of association between the HLA\u2010DQA1*05:01\u2009~\u2009HLA\u2010DQB1*02:01 haplotype and the CeD phenotype showed a gradient in the order typical &gt; atypical &gt; asymptomatic &gt; potential CeD. Genotypes consistent with expression of HLA DQ2 and\/or 8 were noted in 128 (80%) typical, 73 atypical (74%), 27 (60%) asymptomatic, and 52 (54%) potential CeD participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HLA\u2010DQA1*05:01\u2009~\u2009HLA\u2010DQB1*02:01 (haplotype DQ2.5) showed a very strong risk association with symptomatic CeD in Indian patients. The strength of association showed a gradient of increase from potential to typical CeD, coinciding with a phenotypic change in the celiac iceberg.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T04:51:32Z","timestamp":1630558292000},"page":"1190-1196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<scp>Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ (HLA\u2010DQ)<\/scp> genotypes and haplotypes and their association with phenotype in patients with celiac disease in India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-9501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Balakrishnan S","family":"Ramakrishna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology SRM Institutes for Medical Science  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giriprasad","family":"Venugopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology SRM Institutes for Medical Science  Chennai India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alka","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition All India Institute for Medical Sciences  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srinivasan","family":"Pugazhendhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Biology Kansas University Medical Center  Kansas Kankas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sangitanjan","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Guwahati Medical College  Guwahati India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5474-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineet","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govind K","family":"Makharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i42.6036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i12.1365"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002497"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2020.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-19-88"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01471.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-301346"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.398"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14852"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06606.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2015.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-040210-092915"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Celiac disease: can we avert the impending epidemic in India?","volume":"133","author":"Ramakrishna BS","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. 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