{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T20:31:22Z","timestamp":1785443482676,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,2]],"date-time":"2007-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Gene Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chitosan has been shown to possess useful properties such as non\u2010toxicity, high biocompatibility and non\u2010antigenicity that offer advantages for vaccine delivery systems. In this study, we prepared novel chitosan derivative nanoparticles as DNA vaccine carriers and the potential and mechanism of the DNA\u2010nanoparticle complexes in inducing augmented immune responses were explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pVAX(HBc)DNA\u2010nanoparticle complexes as vaccine delivery systems were studied in several aspects: the protection against DNase I degradation was measured by an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> inhibition assay; the sustained expression of the plasmid <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> was determined by RT\u2010PCR; the elevated uptake efficiency by phagocytes was observed with confocal microscopy; the biocompatibility was evaluated by cytotoxicity and histology assay; the complexes were administrated to C57BL\/6 mice and the humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated by ELISA, IFN\u2010\u03b3 production and cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL)\u2010specific lysis assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The remaining relative activity of DNase I after inhibition varied from 32.3% to 77.6%. The complexes were observed with higher uptake efficiency by phagocytes than naked DNA. Three types of nanoparticles did not induce significant cytotoxicity at concentrations \u2a7d400 \u00b5g\/ml. No specific histological alteration related to the injection of the complexes was observed. The formulations of DNA\u2010nanoparticle complexes significantly enhanced the immunogenicity in several parameters: elevated antibody production, higher level of IFN\u2010\u03b3 secretion, and augmented specific cell lysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrated the potential of the novel chitosan derivative nanoparticles for safe and effective DNA vaccine delivery. 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