{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:19:30Z","timestamp":1789967970524,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,5,31]],"date-time":"2002-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Gene Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We describe an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> tumour model for targeted radiotherapy and gene therapy that incorporates cell population heterogeneity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transfectant mosaic spheroids (TMS) and transfected mosaic monolayers (TMM) are composed of two cell populations derived from a single cell line. The cells of one population were transfected with the noradrenaline transporter gene (NAT), allowing active uptake of a radiolabelled targeting agent meta\u2010[<jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>I]iodobenzylguanidine ([<jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>I]MIBG); the other population of cells was derived from the same parent line and transfected with a marker gene \u2013 green fluorescent protein (GFP). After treatment with [<jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>I]MIBG, cell kill was determined in TMM by clonogenic assay and in TMS by clonogenic assay and spheroid growth delay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have used the TMS model to assess the \u2018radiological bystander effect\u2019 (radiation cross\u2010fire) conferred by the \u03b2\u2010emitting radiopharmaceutical [<jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>I] MIBG whose cellular uptake is facilitated by the transfected gene encoding NAT. We show that cell killing by [<jats:sup>131<\/jats:sup>I]MIBG in both TMS and TMM cultures increased in direct proportion to the fraction of NAT\u2010transfected cells and that the degree of cell killing against fraction transfected was greater in TMS, suggestive of a greater bystander effect in the three\u2010dimensional culture system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>TMS provide a useful model for assessment of the effectiveness of targeted radiotherapy in combination with gene therapy when less than 100% of the target cell population is expressing the NAT transgene. Further, this novel model offers the unique opportunity to investigate radiation\u2010induced bystander effects and their contribution to cell cytotoxicity in radiotherapy and other gene therapy applications. Copyright \u00a9 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,8]],"date-time":"2002-10-08T22:46:39Z","timestamp":1034117199000},"page":"567-576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Transfectant mosaic spheroids: a new model for evaluation of tumour cell killing in targeted radiotherapy and experimental gene therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. C.","family":"Mairs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Livingstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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