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As a result, it is imperative that methods reliably predict the effectiveness and, more critically, the toxicity of medicine early in the drug development process before clinical trials be continuously innovated. We must stay up to date with the fast appearance of new infections and diseases by rapidly developing the requisite vaccinations and medicines. Modern <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> models of disease may be used as an alternative to traditional disease models, and advanced technology can be used for the creation of pharmaceuticals as well as cells, drugs, and gene delivery systems to expedite the drug discovery procedure. Furthermore, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> models that mimic the spatial and chemical characteristics of native tissues, such as a 3D bioprinting system or other technologies, have proven to be more effective for drug screening than traditional 2D models. Viral and non\u2010viral gene delivery vectors are a hopeful tool for combinatorial gene therapy, suggesting a quick way of simultaneously deliver multiple genes. A 3D bioprinting system embraces an excellent potential for gene delivery into the different cells or tissues for different diseases, in tissue engineering and regeneration medicine, in which the precise nucleic acid is located in the 3D printed tissues and scaffolds. Non\u2010viral nanocarriers, in combination with 3D printed scaffolds, are applied to their delivery of genes and controlled release properties. There remains, however, a big obstacle in reaching the full potential of 3D models because of a lack of <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> manufacturing of live tissues. Bioprinting advancements have made it possible to create biomimetic constructions that may be used in various drug discovery research applications. 3D bioprinting also benefits vaccinations, medicines, and relevant delivery methods because of its flexibility and adaptability. This review discusses the potential of 3D bioprinting technologies for pharmaceutical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T15:15:37Z","timestamp":1666624537000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Viral and non\u2010viral gene therapy using 3D (bio)printing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sepideh","family":"Jahangiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal QC Canada"},{"name":"Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CRCHUM)  Montreal QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maedeh","family":"Rahimnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de 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